Marine Protected Areas

ustralia has a large and diverse marine jurisdiction. A federal division of responsibilities matched with complex intergovernmental arrangements shapes management of this jurisdiction. This paper first outlines Australia׳s ocean governance arrangements and then reviews attempts to establish a national Australian Oceans Policy in the late 1990s. Notwithstanding attempts to implement an integrated policy framework across jurisdictions and sectors this ambitious policy framework has not met its original aspirations. However some new approaches have been introduced into a range of ocean sectors. The paper explores twenty plus years of oceans policy development and implementation and identifies key future challenges in implementing national oceans policy.

Here we examine the successes, challenges and lessons learned from the Arnavon Islands Community Marine Conservation Area (ACMCA) which was first established in 1995. We review relevant literature and use material from interviews conducted with 28 key informants, all of whom have had a significant involvement in the ACMCA at some stage.
The ACMCA aims to conserve all species inhabiting the Arnavon Islands, but the primary inspiration for funding the work has been the presence of a large hawksbill turtle rookery on the islands. The turtles, were recognised as seriously threatened by hunting by the 1960s, and became the focus of systematic research and protection efforts by the mid-
1970s. After initial conservation failures, the government scientists and conservationists recognised that they needed to involve the adjacent communities of Kia, Wagina and Katupika in the conservation project in order for it to succeed.
A coordinated process of consultation and negotiation therefore commenced in the early 1990s and culminated in the establishment of the ACMCA in 1995. A national ban on the export of hawksbill shells (‘bekko’ or ‘tortoiseshell’) was also enacted into law in 1993.
Recent analysis of long term data on the hawksbill nesting population at Arnavons by Hamilton and collaborators (2015) has demonstrated unequivocally that there has been significant recovery. This review has been commissioned to examine the primary reasons for this, along with remaining challenges and lessons learned thus far from the experience.
Along with most of our interviewees, we are unable to separate the importance of the spatial protection that the ACMCA has afforded nesting female hawksbills, from the broader protective effects of the ban on bekko exports that was implemented two years prior to the commencement of the spatial protection. Both are likely to have been important.
However recent data shows that most of the 20 nesting hawksbill females, fitted with satellite trackers in the last two years at Arnavons swam almost directly to the relative safety of the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia. This means that, whilst in the Solomon Islands, the protection afforded by the ACMCA may be more significant than the bekko export ban because the turtles do not move around the rest of the Solomon Islands.
The great majority of our interviewees stressed that there has been a steady increase in local acceptance of the desirability of preventing overharvesting of turtles and other marine resources at Arnavons. But poverty, the failure of a seaweed farming project at Wagina, and the existence of a lucrative black market for bekko will continue to drive a small number of people, particularly at Wagina, to continue poaching turtle, which means that the maintenance of the ranger station on Kerehikapa Island in the Arnavons is important for continued conservation.
There has also been a significant increase in appreciation of the intrinsic or existence value of turtles among many members of the ACMCA communities. This appears to have been largely driven by increased knowledge about them, which can be credited to the efforts of a number of conservationists who have shared their scientific knowledge of turtles
and other marine fauna to community stakeholders.
Community members expressed their appreciation of learning about the biology and ecology of the protected fauna, as well as their desire to learn more. They requested that all visiting scientists in future make greater efforts to engage with the communities to share their research findings and explain their interests to the community.

Se presenta un modelo de documento expedido por el contratante, haciendo constar que -despues de un lapso de 6 meses- no se han manifestado desperfectos ("vicios ocultos) en las obras o productos terminados y entregados por el contratado. 

En el caso a partir del cual se generó este modelo de constancia de no vicios ocultos, fue el de la rehabilitación de la estación que la Comisión de Areas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) opera en la localidad de Xcalak, Municipio de Othón P. Blanco, estado de Quintana Roo, Estados Unidos Mexicanos.  El contratado fue la microempresa Vision EnerGtiK S. de R.L. MI.  Las obras fueron de mantenimiento, conservación y adecuación de la infraestructura a cargo de la Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (SEMARNAT) en la localidad de Xcalak, municipio de Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo, México.  Ello, conforme a precios unitarios y tiempo determinado especificados en el contrato CONANP/DRPY/AD-OP/16151003-073/2009.  El proyecto inició el 1 de marzo del 2009 y terminó el 14 de abril del 2009.  La constancia de no vicios ocultos se extendió luego de un año de concluído el proyecto. 

El modelo de constancia de no vicios ocultos, forma parte de la carpeta-antología que Visión EnerGtiK S. de R.L. MI  utiliza como material de apoyo al entrenamiento, sobre el trabajo, para la administración de proyectos en el campo de ahorro y uso eficiente de energía.

Nel presente lavoro si è voluto incrementare le conoscenze in campo geoarcheologico sulla fascia costiera di Posillipo nel Golfo di Napoli ed in particolare sull’area attualmente interessata dall’istituzione dell’Area Marina Protetta Parco Sommerso di Gaiola. In questo tratto di costa vi è una notevole concentrazione di strutture archeologiche di epoca romana, molte delle quali attualmente sommerse o semisommerse, anche a causa di locali fenomeni vulcano-tettonici (bradisismo) che interessano ancora oggi l’intera area dei Campi Flegrei, di cui fa parte la collina di Posillipo. Incrociando i dati emersi da indagini archeologiche sulle strutture sommerse con quelli desunti da analisi gemorfologiche si sono potute formulare nuove ipotesi sulla variazione relativa del livello del mare (VRLM) in tale area dall’epoca romana ad oggi. Data la scarsità di dati bibliografici, la prima fase dello studio è stata dedicata al rilievo e mappatura delle strutture archeologiche sommerse e delle cavità costiere presenti. Di grande interesse per la determinazione della VRLM si èdimostrata la presenza di markers archeologici come approdi, cave e peschiere.