Plato

Contrairement aux interprétations coutumières il y a un dialogue permanent entre la République, le Politique et les Lois et non une rupture ou un changement substantiel de la pensée politique de Platon. Une analyse minutieuse de Leg. V 739a1-740a2 montre clairement cette cohérence, en particulière la tournure "dieux ou fils des dieux" qu'y apparaît se rattache à l'état ordonné de l'âme et plus spécifiquement à la connaissance philosophique et n'indique pas l'abandonnement des positions de la République. De cette façon sont réfutées les thèses soutenues par A. Laks depuis quelques années sur le rapport entre la République et les Lois.
In spite of the usual interpretations there is a continuous dialogue between the Republic, the Statesman, and the Laws and not a break or a substantial change in Plato's political thought. A detailed analysis of Laws V 739a1-740a2 shows beyond all doubt this strict coherence, especially the expression "gods or children of gods" that appears in this passage is related to the ordered state of the soul and more specifically to the philosophical knowledge and does not point to a revision of the doctrines defended in the Republic, so that the interpretation of the relationship between the Republic and the Laws defended since the beginning of the 90'ties by A. Laks can be considered as definitively refuted.

Many have argued that Plato’s intermediates are not independent entities. Rather, they exemplify the incapacity of discursive thought (διάνοια) for cognizing Forms. But just what does this incapacity
consist in? Any successful answer will require going beyond the intermediates themselves to another aspect of Plato’s mathematical
thought - his attribution of a quasi-numerical structure to Forms (the ‘eidetic numbers’). For our purposes, the most penetrating account
of eidetic numbers is Jacob Klein’s, who saw clearly that eidetic numbers are part of Plato’s inquiry into the ontological basis for all counting:
the existence of a plurality of formal elements, distinct yet combinable into internally articulate unities. However, Klein’s study of the Sophist
reveals such articulate unities as imperfectly countable and therefore opaque to διάνοια. Only this opacity, I argue, successfully explains
the relationship of intermediates to Forms.

This paper provides an initial, multidimensional map of the complex relationships among consciousness, mind, brain and the external world in a way that follows both the contours of everyday experience and the findings of science. It then demonstrates how this reflexive monist map can be used to evaluate the utility and resolve some of the oppositions of the many other “isms” that currently populate consciousness studies. While no conventional, one-dimensional “ism” such as physicalism can do justice to this web of relationships, physicalism, functionalism, dualism, neutral monism, and dual-aspect monism can all be seen to provide useful ways of understanding different aspects of the relationships among consciousness, mind, brain and the external world when these are viewed in either a first- or a third-person way from within this web of relationships by sentient creatures such as ourselves. For example, physicalism and functionalism provide a useful understanding of consciousness, mind, brain and external world when viewed from a third-person perspective, while neutral monism provides a useful way of understanding first- versus third-person views of external phenomena. On the other hand, dual-aspect monism provides a useful way of understanding first- versus third-person views of mind, including Eastern versus Western views of mind.  Dual-aspect monism also provides a useful understanding of the “unconscious ground of being” that gives rise to, supports and embeds all these observable phenomena. For an integrated understanding one needs to understand how these phenomena and relationships combine into an integrated whole.

Il saggio di Fulvia de Luise – L’involontarietà socratica del male e il macigno della responsabilità platonica. Tra il Protagora e il mito di Er – costituisce un tentativo di ricostruzione della posizione platonica sulla questione della libertà morale, attraverso i movimenti di vera e propria metamorfosi che investono la figura di Socrate nei Dialoghi. Senza proporsi di distinguere ciò che appartenne realmente a Socrate da ciò che Platone gli attribuisce, l’autrice intende porre a confronto due luoghi della rappresentazione platonica in cui il personaggio Socrate prende posizione in merito alla responsabilità individuale, con esiti apparentemente divergenti: il noto passaggio del Protagora in cui Socrate afferma che chi fa il male lo fa involontariamente, a causa dell’ignoranza; la perentoria asserzione contenuta nel mito di Er (Repubblica X), che attribuisce al soggetto umano una responsabilità assoluta nella gestione delle proprie scelte morali. Un’analisi mirata delle strategie rappresentative seguite da Platone nei due dialoghi, dove è sempre presente il filo conduttore del confronto tra Socrate e i poeti, conduce a un’ipotesi di sostanziale continuità e di perdurante socratismo tra i due contesti, in cui la validità della scelta morale resta vincolata al primato del sapere.

As a participant in the internationally presented eight part series The Scientists - Profiles of Discovery in 1979 by the Science-Unit of Australian National Television my subtitle was Pope the Catalyst. In that year UNESCO appointed me as a Special Science-Art Delegate to the Second Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity in Honour of Albert Einstein, Trieste, Italy. At the conference I discussed with China’s most highly awarded physicist, Kun Huang, about his paper with the Nobel Laureate in Physics, Max Born, entitled Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices containing a criticism of Einstein’s mechanistic worldview. My Science-Art Research Centre of Australia had also criticised Einstein's mechanistic worldview for not being stabilised by Plato’s Science-Art to balance the forces of nature.

On the History of Political Philosophy is a lively and lucid account of the major political theorists and philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, medieval, renaissance, and early modern periods. Topics include discussions concerning human nature, social justice, the origin of law and human rights, the rise and development of different forms of government, idealism and realism in international relations, the distinction between just and unjust war, and the sources of public authority and the nature of legitimate sovereignty. The organizing principle of the book is the idea that the great political thinkers were searching for the best political order and a criterion for human conduct in both domestic and international politics. Demonstrating the continued relevance of historical ideas to today's problems, the author traces ongoing discussions about politics by examining the ideas of key political theorists. The book is intended for use in courses on political philosophy or the history of political philosophy.
https://www.routledge.com/On-the-History-of-Political-Philosophy-Great-Political-Thinkers-from-Thucydides/Korab-Karpowicz/p/book/9780205119745

Parmenides is probably the most influential of all Presocratics on the subsequent history of philosophy, yet he has been poorly served by his English translators. They persistently turn his poem into awkward and deadening prose, as if he had written an obscure treatise on logic. By rendering Parmenides’ poetry as poetry, in an English equivalent of its meter, this translation aims to show that his medium is essential to his message — that he is not a would-be analytic logician but a mystical visionary.striving to convey a revelation of ultimate reality.

The second Book of the Politics has been object of multiple considerations, but it has called the attention of the scholars mainly because of its detailed criticism of Plato's political projects, especially the Republic. In fact Aristotle devotes 6 of the 12 chapters of Book II to examine Plato's proposals. Most of the scholarly contributions are focused on the criticism of Plato trying either to demonstrate the justice of Aristotle's reproaches or to invalidate his chapters on the basis of a supposed inexactness of his words.

El tema de esta tesis es la educación musical en la filosofía de Platón. En la República de Platón, la etapa educativa más importante es la niñez; los vehículos de esta educación son la mousiké para el alma (o mente) y la gimnasia para el cuerpo. La palabra griega mousiké describe un conjunto de artes compuesto por la música, la poesía, el canto y el baile. Así mismo, una educación musical para Platón describe una educación cultural. Además, Platón entiende que la conservación política de la ciudad ideal depende de una adecuada práctica musical, y de proteger los modos musicales. Por ende, la educación musical es un tema meridiano en la pedagogía si concedemos que la República es más bien un libro cuyo tema es la educación. Que el elemento fundamental del tema educativo (la mousiké) provoque sorpresa, sea en el lector antiguo o moderno, problematiza el significado del concepto humano de la educación. Que provoque sorpresa puede dejar entrever que una pedagogía que no otorga a las artes (y notablemente, a los modos musicales) importancia suprema, está condenada al fracaso. Igual destino puede esperar a una filosofía o práctica política que ignore su importancia. Es en el contexto de estas inquietudes que surge la pregunta que esta tesis intenta contestar: ¿Por qué considera Platón que la mousiké es central en la polis? La tesis que se defiende es la siguiente: Platón postula que la mousiké es aquello que educa la sociedad porque tiene el efecto de moldear el alma (o la mente). Esto tiene consecuencias políticas, pues la legislación y la justicia, que son las dos artes de la política, dependen del carácter de los individuos que componen la polis.

ABSTRACT: This article considers how the erotics of the real, of Bataille, might contribute to the ethics of the real, of Lacan, and also to the genealogy of morals disclosed by Nietzsche. Combining Bataille’s anthropological understanding of a taboo-transgression correlation with Lacan’s analytic episteme of the real, symbolic, and imaginary, I trace a recessive loss of the erotic function of being through the Platonic, Christian, and Modern Science epochs that Nietzsche’s revaluations of the Good also centre on. What emerges is the possibility that like Bataille, figuratively speaking, the brothels of Paris should become our churches again.

Przysługujący widmom wywrotowy, niemalże rewolucyjny potencjał został odsunięty oraz zagubiony poprzez pozbycie się tej kontrowersyjnej kategorii z terytorium metafizyki i zbyt pośpieszne odesłanie jej do przestrzeni badań nad literaturą, sprowadzając ją jedynie do roli użytecznego, bezpiecznego narzędzia interpretacji.

Książka Andrzeja Marca odzyskuje niepokojący charakter widmontologii i ponownie wprowadza widma do myśli metafizycznej. Czym nawiedzona i przeniknięta jest tradycyjna metafizyka, co właściwie ją dręczy, nie daje spokoju oraz nieustannie podmywa jej stabilność?

Kategoria widma Derridy posłużyła Marcowi przede wszystkim do rozważań nad charakterem współczesności i przeobrażeń, jakie dokonały się w obrębie myśli ponowoczesnej. Współczesna kultura, zdaniem Marca, stała się miejscem powstawania widm, nieustannie powracających z przeszłości. Uznając, że nie jesteśmy już w stanie tworzyć utopijnych wizji przyszłości, autor stara się zdać sprawę z widmowego charakteru współczesnej kultury, analizując m. in. strategie vintage, retro, nurt no future w kulturze lat 70. czy nurt fantastyki naukowej w literaturze.

Every scholar of ancient philosophy, I suppose, has written a paper on the Third Man Argument. This is my version ... (written in GERMAN)

„Das Argument vom dritten Menschen“, in: Rolf. W. Puster (Hg.), Klassische Argumentationen in der Philosophie, Münster: Mentis 2013, 33-56

This paper is a speculative experimentation that aims to explore the relationship between desire and thinking. Deviating from the letter, it attempts to understand philosophy as the knowledge of desire, as much as the desire for knowledge. To do so, it starts with the figure of Erôs, as assimilated by Plato with the dialectical method and the nature of philosophical inquiry. It then turns toward French phenomenology, for which the caress is the embodiment of desire-so much so that the horizontal exploration of matter replaces the vertical ascension toward the intelligible. Finally, it focuses on the concept of the erogenous zone, which Deleuze borrows from psychoanalysis but transforms into an ontological category intimately associated with the image of thought. In these terms, philosophy can therefore be regarded as a caress.

The argument of the first Discours is governed by the antithesis between the ‘original’ nature of man on the one hand and the corruption of modern civilisation on the other; this antithesis is developed in terms of a contrast between the freedom implied by true being and the enslavement and estrangement which is the human condition in the modern world. Rousseau is concerned not so much with historical details as with the moral theme which allows him to separate the original elements of man’s being from the artificial elements added by the process of civilisation. By ‘original’ Rousseau means ‘what belongs incontestably to man’. Rousseau is therefore concerned to distinguish the essential and authentic as given by true original being from the accidental and artificial elements added by civilisation.

In Rhetoric and Power, Nathan Crick dramatizes the history of rhetoric by explaining its origin and development in classical Greece beginning the oral displays of Homeric eloquence in a time of kings, following its ascent to power during the age of Pericles and the Sophists, and ending with its transformation into a rational discipline with Aristotle in a time of literacy and empire. Crick advances the thesis that rhetoric is primarily a medium and artistry of power, but that the relationship between rhetoric and power at any point in time is a product of historical conditions, not the least of which is the development and availability of communication media.
Investigating major works by Homer, Heraclitus, Aeschylus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Thucydides, Aristophanes, Plato, Isocrates, and Aristotle, Rhetoric and Power tells the story of the rise and fall of classical Greece while simultaneously developing rhetorical theory from the close criticism of particular texts. As a form of rhetorical criticism, this volume offers challenging new readings to canonical works such as Aeschylus's Persians, Gorgias's Helen, Aristophanes's Birds, and Isocrates's Nicocles by reading them as reflections of the political culture of their time.
Through this theoretical inquiry, Crick uses these criticisms to articulate and define a plurality of rhetorical genres and concepts, such as heroic eloquence, tragicomedy, representative publicity, ideology, and the public sphere, and their relationships to different structures and ethics of power, such as monarchy, democracy, aristocracy, and empire. Rhetoric and Power thus provides a foundation for rhetorical history, criticism, and theory that draws on contemporary research to prove again the incredible richness of the classical tradition for contemporary rhetorical scholarship and practice.

http://ojs.francoangeli.it/_omp/index.php/oa/catalog/book/510?fbclid=IwAR1kePaq_Yq-hpJUZ63DNFlz1dpKcQfE3UXX8VdxRnZYQmnWuyUTl3CpL7o

Il volume riunisce contributi che, rispondendo ad un’esigenza oggi molto sentita, si interrogano sui concetti di libertà, responsabilità e imputazione: si tratta di categorie fondamentali non solo in ambito morale, per definire la colpa del soggetto agente, ma anche in ambito giuridico, per definire una pena che sia equa e giusta.
I saggi qui presentati analizzano, da un lato, le condizioni di attribuzione di responsabilità e di libertà all’essere umano; dall’altro, rintracciano forme di libertà anche in riferimento alla natura (tradizionalmente compresa come regno della necessità) e all’indagine filosofica stessa. Si dispiegano così differenti prospettive, che risultano complementari nella comune ricerca di un fondamento filosofico.
A partire da un classico della filosofia antica, Platone, si giungerà, passando attraverso le concezioni della libertà di Leibniz, Kant e Fichte, alla filosofia di Hegel, di cui proprio nel 2020 si celebra il duecentocinquantesimo anniversario della nascita, proseguendo da qui verso la contemporaneità. Ci si interrogherà, infine, sul significato della pratica filosofica e sulla responsabilità che essa comporta.

Scritti di: G. Battistoni, G. Erle, S. Fuselli, P. Giuspoli, F.L. Marcolungo, F.
Menegoni, A. Moretto, A. Schmidt, K. Vieweg.

MPhil Thesis at Canterbury Christchurch University. This thesis regards the ancient Pythagorean-Platonic idea of heavenly harmony as a philosophical paradox: stars are silent, music is not. The idea of ‘star music’ contains several potential opposites, including imagination and sense perception, the temporal and the eternal, transcendence and theophany, and others. The idea of ‘star music’ as a paradox can become a gateway to a different understanding of the universe, and a vehicle for a shift to a new – and yet very ancient – form of consciousness. The ancient Greeks had a holistic form of consciousness, which was continually intermingling with a transpersonal dimension. This ancient state of consciousness was related to a musical understanding of the world, the Pythagorean-Platonic experience of the universe as an ordered cosmos.

My research is approached from two angles, namely from the history of ideas and from musicianship, exploring how music is reflected in the world of thought. By reflexive re-reading of the sources, new insights into the nature of musical consciousness are explored. The idea of ‘star music’ can be found throughout the history of music and thought in the West, including Plato’s works and that of other ancient philosophers, through the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Romantic era and the twentieth century up to contemporary New Age music.

As a conclusion, the paradox of ‘star music’ is connected to an experience of a shared transcendent meaning of music, which can be present in the moment of a musical performance. ‘Star music’ is a living paradox.

In “Plato and the Simulacrum,” Deleuze distinguishes between two types of mimetic images: the icon, which is based on the model-copy relation, and the simulacrum, which is “a copy without a model.” Behind this well-known distinction, however, lies a previously unexplored distinction between the simulacrum and the phantasm. This article examines Deleuze’s treatment of this distinction in The Logic of Sense (1969), “Renverser le platonism (les simulacres)” (1966), and Difference and Repetition (1968). This paper presents a genealogical reading of the traditions that inform Deleuze’s account of the simulacrum, from the Freudian, Lacanian, and Kleinian schools of psychoanalysis, to the French rediscovery of Nietzsche by Deleuze and Pierre Klossowski, whose language of phantasms and simulacra directly influenced Deleuze. It is argued that Deleuze makes a strong distinction in The Logic of Sense between the simulacrum and the phantasm as a critique of the psychoanalytic concept of fantasy. In so doing, he reverses Klossowski’s treatment of the phantasm and the simulacrum. The Platonic concept of the simulacrum is thus linked to Nietzschean pathos and to the broader notion of a “mimetic unconscious.”

A thesis on what advertising would be like if it shaped desire in ways that helped us flourish: the original goal of ethics. Combines a creative analysis of advertisements through history with an investigation of the concept of 'the education of desire' developed by Plato and St. Augustine.

Platon'un Kratylos'u, dil felsefesinin başlangıç noktası, dilbilimin kaçınılmaz başvuru kaynağı, dille ilgili kafamızı kurcalayan onlarca sorunun ilk defa telaffuz edildiği metindir. Platon'un dil kullanımı Kratylos'un labirentlerinde rafine edilirken, aslında Klasik Atina'nın entelektüel çevrelerindeki en popüler tartışmalarından biri gözler önüne serilmektedir: Adların Doğruluğu. Kratylos, dilin bilimsel, felsefi, dinsel yönlerini sorgulayan bir dizi hâlâ cevapsız soruyla gündemdeki yerini korumaktadır. Bunlardan sadece birkaçı söyle sıralanabilir: Bir adı doğru yapan nedir? Adların bir doğruluğu varsa bu doğruluk uylaşımsal mıdır yoksa doğal mıdır? Söz konusu doğruluğun üzerinde yükseldiği zemin nedir, anlam mı, yoksa sözcüklerin kendileri mi? Kullandığımız dilin iletişimde sağladığı ortaklıktan nasıl emin olabiliriz?
Platon'un Kratylos'u Türkçede okuyucunun karşısına ilk defa çıkmıyor. Ancak elinizdeki kitapta yer alan çeviri Yunanca orijinal metnin titiz bir incelenmesinin, satır satır, kimileyin hece hece, hatta harf harf, kılı kırk yaran bir filolojik bir dakikliğin ürünü olduğu iddiasını taşımaktadır. Çünkü bu çalışma, diyalogda başvurulan deneysel dil cambazlıklarında ya da etimolojik sözcük oyunlarındaki zeka parıltısını kaybetmemeye çalışan bir çeviri pratiğiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu zeka pırıltısı bir yandan okurun gözlerini kamaştırırken, öte yandan dilin, dilbilimin, dil felsefesinin karanlık dehlizlerini aydınlatmaktadır. Kratylos'un sunduğu sorunsal alan, Kratylos’a Yorumlar: Physis-Nomos Karşıtlığı Bağlamında Filolojik ve Yorumbilimsel Bir İnceleme başlıklı ikinci ciltteki yorumlarla bir nebze daha net bir görünüme kavuşmaktadır.

Ebat: 13,5x21 cm
Sayfa Sayısı: 236
ISBN: 978-975-995-700-1
Fiyatı: 13 TL
Felsefe Serisi 34

Plato did more than hang out in Athens’ gymnasia, he actually set up a
philosophical school in one. How education in Plato’s Academy differed from traditional
Greek gymnasia is the subject of Chapter 5. In the utopian vision of Republic, Plato used
athletics as part of the guardians’ education explicitly for the purpose of selecting and
developing souls capable of forgoing personal pleasures, studying philosophy and,
eventually, becoming leaders (Reid 2007). He seems to have believed that athletics can
promote arete, which he describes as harmony among the intellectual, spirited and
appetitive parts of the soul, because sport requires the intellect to apprehend the rules of
the game and then to recruit the spirit and appetite to its cause. Plato’s real-life
gymnasium, however, did not exist in the utopian kallipolis but rather in democratic
Athens. An aristocrat by heritage, Plato was critical of democracy, but he did believe that
arete was a matter of training rather than birth, and that training citizens for virtue is the
best way to ensure good democratic government. The methods used to cultivate arete in
Plato’s Academy probably reflected the customary values of the gymnasium: military
preparedness, athletic beauty (kalokagathia), even erotic partnerships.
The Academy no doubt remained a place for gymnastic training under Plato, but the
focus of kalokagathia (being beautiful and good) shifted from the body to the soul.
Military training, too, probably focused on cultivating virtues such as courage and wisdom
rather than mere weapons skills. And educational pederasty was exchanged for chaste
partnerships that directed erotic desire away from the body and towards ideals such as
wisdom. Plato’s emphasis on the soul also prompted the inclusion of females, both in the
utopian Republic and the real-world Academy. It is likely, of course, that Plato added
philosophical dialogue and maybe even lectures to the existing gymnastic curriculum at
the academy. But it is unlikely that he reduced or eliminated the gymnastic training and athletic games traditionally associated with that place. Sport is made educational by its
ends, not simply its practice, and Plato adapted sport quite explicitly to the end of arete.

Tesis doctoral sobre el mal en Platón. ¿Qué es el mal para Platón? ¿Cuántos tipos de mal existen? ¿Cómo podemos remediar los males que acontecen? ¿Será posible evitarlos? Platón sugiere que mediante la música, la matemática y la gimnasia podemos encontrar el camino hacia el bien.

The concept of the gentleman amateur was, and remains, an important aspect of upper and middle-class Victorian and Edwardian male identity. Although he remains a significant literary presence, the form and length of time the gentleman amateur remained a cultural influence in society is contested.                                                     

This article examines one realm of this social constructs influence - sport - in terms of the social and philosophical origins of these titles, what they meant in practice and the repercussions their use had on class cultures, British (English) sporting values and success. It proposes that the gentleman amateur - despite the long-term damage inflicted by such men - remains a major philosophical, ideological and physical influence upon British sport today.

This book is the edited proceedings from the conference 'The Art of Stesichorus' held at St John's College, Oxford, on June 29–30 2012. Contributors include: Ewen Bowie (Oxford), Chris Carey (London), Patrick Finglass (Nottingham), Richard Hunter (Cambridge), Adrian Kelly (Oxford), Ian Rutherford (Reading), Gerson Schade (Berlin), Laura Swift (Open University), Martin West (Oxford).

Pelling, C., Classics for All 2015/08/11

Compare Origen’s understanding of God (On First Principles) to that of Plotinus’ (Enneads) to show the divergent paths they took.  Answer is to include Plato’s metaphysics and Stoicism contribution to the development of their thought, and Justin Martyr and Irenaeus’ influence on Origen.

“Friendship in Early Greek Ethics” examines the accounts of friendship (philia) in the early philosophical literature and argues that there is a coherent narrative of philosophical theorizing of friendship prior to Aristotle, one which does not make the Presocratics and Socratics mere pre-Aristotelian. The main treatments of friendship considered in this chapter—namely, those in Empedocles, Democritus, the Sophists, and the Socratics—can be understood as efforts to provide a convincing explanation of what motivates the relation of philia and to isolate the conditions for and key features of this specific form of relation essential to the good life.

Ο τόμος φιλοδοξεί να προσφέρει στον αναγνώστη ένα πολύτιμο εργαλείο εμβάθυνσης στο πλατωνικό κείμενο αναπαράγοντας την ερμηνευτική έκδοση του Ι. Συκουτρή και εμπλουτίζοντάς την με στοιχεία που θα συμπληρώνουν την εικόνα για το πλατωνικό έργο και θα ενημερώνουν για τις νέες τάσεις της διεθνούς έρευνας. Τα αναλυτικά προλεγόμενα τοποθετούν τη μνημειώδη —όπως έχει χαρακτηριστεί— έκδοση στο ιστορικό της πλαίσιο, αναδεικνύουν την προσωπικότητα του Ιωάννη Συκουτρή και τη μυθολογία που αναπτύχθηκε στο πέρασμα των χρόνων στην ελληνική λογιοσύνη γύρω από το εν λόγω βιβλίο και τον συγγραφέα του. Με τον τρόπο αυτό το αναγνωστικό κοινό μπορεί να εντάξει το Συμπόσιο στη συνολική εργογραφία  του Συκουτρή και να κατανοήσει καλύτερα τον τρόπο με τον οποίο εκείνος προσέγγισε τον μεγάλο αυτόν ερωτικό διάλογο και την πλατωνική φιλοσοφία εν γένει. Στα προλεγόμενα, παρέχονται επίσης πληροφορίες για την αρχαία και τη μεσαιωνική παράδοση του πλατωνικού Συμποσίου, καθώς και μια εκτεταμένη βιβλιογραφία, η οποία προσφέρει στον αναγνώστη πλήρη εποπτεία της ερευνητικής επιστημονικής δραστηριότητας  των τελευταίων εννέα περίπου δεκαετιών, από την ανατυπούμενη έκδοση έως σήμερα.

As Hellenic hero expert Gregory Nagy has effectively argued, ancient Greek athletics may be understood as the reenactment or mimēsis of the feats of heroes for the religious purpose of activating their life-giving spirits.  I would sharpen that interpretation to say that athletes were in fact re-enacting the heroes’ virtues, while the poet’s and artist’s celebration of those feats was yet another act of mimēsis which served a larger cultural conspiracy to celebrate and inspire virtue (aretē).  Mimēsis that puts athletics and poetry in the service of aretē seems like something that Plato would endorse, but it may be subject to the same criticisms that poetry and other arts undergo in Republic.  In this paper I argue that athletic mimēsis may be part and parcel of Platonic education, but only if it is understood as reenactment not of heroic persons, or even of heroic feats, but rather as the reenactment of divine virtues.

The Terme Boxer, a life-size naked bronze athlete, complete with bleeding cuts, a broken nose, and cauliflower ears, is, by any count, a striking piece of sculpture.  In it, some see the athletic embodiment of Hellenic aretē, others see an indictment of the brutality inherent in Roman games.  Understanding what this boxer represents depends on having a particular perspective, which was itself the subject of debate and cultivation in Greco-Roman literature and philosophy.  Dio Chrysostom’s encomium of Melancomas sets the boxer up as an example to be emulated—not just for his beauty, but for his virtue, which is the source of his beauty—a beauty which infuses his entire being and eschews both adornment and luxury.  Epictetus’ Discourses promote the same ethical aesthetic, ridiculing the Roman penchant for primping and plucking.  It is as if athletic statues incarnate Socrates’ ideally educated citizen in the Republic (402d).  “If someone’s soul has a fine and beautiful character and his body matches its beauty and is thus in harmony with it…wouldn’t that be the most beautiful sight for anyone who has eyes to see?”  Crucially, though, having “eyes to see” depends precisely on having a proper education, one that enables a person to love the beautiful youth without touching him, because his real love is for the “fine and beautiful.”(402d-403c).  Such love for the fine and beautiful depended on a Hellenic education, even for Romans. Melancomas’ eulogy ends with an exhortation: “Come then, train zealously and toil hard, the younger men in the belief that this man’s place has been left to them, the older in a way that befits their own achievements; yes, and take all the pride in these things that men should who live for praise and glory and are devotees of virtue.” (29.21).  Hellenic virtue is as much about discernment of beauty as it is about sweat and toil.  The kaloskagathos must be capable of appreciating and even loving athletic beauty—perhaps even the battered athletic beauty of a statue like the Terme Boxer.

ÖZET Bu makalede, klasik mantığın dayandığı temel sayılan ve akıl ilkeleri olarak bilinen özdeşlik, çelişmezlik ve üçüncü halin imkânsızlığının Platon'un eserlerindeki anlamı ve kullanımı analiz edilmektedir. Platon, özcü varlık anlayışından hareket eden, bu sayede doğru bilginin imkânını savunan bir filozof olarak, öğrencisi ve mantığın kurucusu Aristoteles'ten önce bu ilkeleri tanımlamış ve kullanmıştır. İdealar ve görüngüler âlemi olarak ayırdığı varlıkta, hakikati ideaların bir özelliği kabul eden Platon, özdeşliği bu aşkın varlıklardan hareketle temellendirmiş, sonrasında çelişmezlik ve üçüncü halin imkânsızlığı ilkeleriyle görüngüler âleminde var olan değişim problemine çözüm üretmeye çalışmıştır. Filozofun sisteminde idealar ve görüngüler arasındaki ontik ayrılık, yeniden hatırlama teorisiyle birleştirilerek, akıl ilkelerinin elde edilmesini ve uygulanmasını içine alan bütün epistemik süreçler tutarlı bir şekilde temellendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle bu ilkelerin mahiyeti ve tanımı, Aristoteles ile kıyaslamalar yapılarak, ontolojik ve epistemik açıdan incelenmekte, sonrasında ise Platon'un eserlerindeki uygulamalarıyla örneklendirilerek ele alınmaktadır. ABSTRACT In this article, the principles of logic, identity, non-contradiction and the excluded middle, regarded as the grounds of classical logic, are analysed in the philosophy of Plato. As a philosopher, Plato, accepting the possibility of true knowledge from an essentialist ontology, both identified and used these principles before his student, Aristotle, namely the founder of classical logic. 

Platon ve Aristoteles'te Tümeller Problemi

Theory of Universals in Aristotle and Plato

Özet

Tümeller probleminde öne çıkan çözüm önerileri gerçekçilik ve adcılık altında toplanabilir. Platon ve Aristoteles görüşleriyle gerçekçiliğin temsilcileri olarak kabul edilebilirler ve kendilerinden sonra gelen düşünürler için bir dayanak noktası oluştururlar. Platon’un İdealar görüşü ve Aristoteles’in kategoriler teorisi tümeller hakkındaki görüşlerini sınırlandırmamıza yardımcı olur ve aralarındaki ayırım, sonraki düşünürler tarafından da çokça tartışılan bir konu haline gelir. Bu makalede Platon ve Aristoteles’in konuya dair düşünceleri tümeller problemi çerçevesinde ortaya serilmesi ve sonraki dönemde tartışmayı etkileyen düşüncelerinin vurgulanması amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Platon, Aristoteles, tümel, cins, tür, gerçekçilik

Abstract

The solutions for the theory of universals may be grouped as realism and nominalism. Plato and Aristotle are considered as the founders of realism for their opinions and they are a certain reference for the philosophers after them. Plato’s theory of ideals and Aristotle’s theory of categories help us to compose their opinions on universals. The difference between these opinions becomes a vastly discussed subject. The aim of this article is to present Plato and Aristotle’s thoughts within the frame of the problem of universals and emphasize their influencing thoughts on the subject.

Keywords: Plato, Aristotle, universal, genus, species, realism

Ce volume comporte trois chapitres : le premier décrit les linéaments d'une doctrine archaïque de la « phusis » visant toujours à connaître la « nature » de chaque chose, cet ensemble de caractéristiques qui fonde sa puissance, sa capacité d'agir ; le second décrit une représentation archaïque de l'Univers au moyen du schème de la croissance végétale, reconnu dans l'usage du verbe « phuô » et la poursuit jusqu'à la grande synthèse de la cosmologie archaïque, telle qu'elle s'énonce dans la deuxième partie du poème de Parménide : l'Univers est comme une grande plante qui croît et distribue l'ensemble des « natures » des choses. Le schème de la croissance et celui de la distribution des natures convergent ainsi pour esquisser la première représentation globale d'un tout cosmique organisé. La troisième partie est consacrée au débat qui, dans le deuxième Ve siècle, autour de « l'enquête sur la nature », chez les sophistes et les médecins, accompagne l'apparition d'un tout de plus en plus homogène, mais néanmoins susceptible de plusieurs visages : ainsi celui de l'homogénéité du mode de production de toutes choses ou celui de la distribution des natures de toutes choses. La Nature commence à paraître, oscillant entre une logique génétique et une logique distributive : c'est ainsi que s'accomplit une histoire qui fait progressivement du terme distribué à toutes choses pour décrire leurs puissances respectives le nom du tout organisé où chacune trouve sa place.

A short analysis of new Sappho's poem and of the questions about its problems of contextualizing. In my work I try to specify if the Brothers Poem could be linked to VIIth centry's symposium. Larichos as possible addressee and other evidences of the question.

The reassuring belief that “sport builds character” is firmly entrenched in
popular opinion despite repeated examples of athlete misbehavior and widespread
disagreement over just what character is and how it can be measured. Scholarly
claims that sport can and should be a form of moral education are usually greeted
with skepticism by philosophers and physical educators alike. Such proposals have a
long and venerable pedigree, however, one that might originate with a foundational
document of western philosophy: Plato’s Republic. In our modern quest to understand
how sport might contribute to moral education, of children in particular, and
to design and implement athletic programs that do in fact “build character,” it seems
worthwhile to look back at what Plato thought on the subject. In Plato’s Republic
sport serves the educational objectives of personal virtue, intellectual achievement,
and political harmony. But to understand and perhaps apply Plato’s insight today,
we must revisit our conceptual dichotomies of mind versus body, academics versus
athletics, and individual versus community. Plato’s historical reality and his ideal
city might seem impossibly distant from today’s concerns. But understanding the
contrasts as well as the similarities might enlighten our efforts to fulfill the hollow
promise that sport may function as moral education.