Particle Physics

Initial results were recently published in Applied Physics Letters and recognized as notable by selection as an Editors Pick contribution. [40]
DESY scientists have created a miniature particle accelerator for electrons that can perform four different functions at the push of a button. [39]
Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38]
To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37]

A grand unification of electroweak and strong forces is presented based on a new idea called Unified Charged Vectors. Using this new concept, it is shown that: 1. The electroweak and strong forces can be unified into a single electro-weak-strong force. 2. The various charges and coupling constants of fermions (like the electroweak mixing angle) can be predicted, rather than presupposed. 3. The Lagrangian symmetries can be predicted rather than presupposed. 4. The standard model Lagrangian can be cast into a simple unified form.

Part I – Spirilla Theory and Cosmology
Stephen Hawking once proclaimed that String Theory may be able to unify the various forces although later he became disillusioned thinking that there may be no Theory of Everything. This very condensed book pulls together the various forces into the Spirilla Theory which supersedes String Theory and introduces the Relativity of Consciousness.

The foundation of the Spirilla Theory is based on the writings of H. P. Blavatsky, A. B. Bailey, and A. Besant. By overlaying the works of Einstein, Bohm, de Broglie, Dirac, Bell and other great scientific minds, on top of the foundation, the unification of the various forces and theories starts to appear; each field of study supplying a part of the puzzle but only a holistic view of ALL endeavors will solve the mystery. The book starts by laying the groundwork through the Introduction, a review of Bell’s Theorem and p-adic mathematics; following this, each major section begins with a quote from the foundational works followed by the quotes from scientific papers demonstrating the current known thinking on the various topics; no attempts are made to edit the works (except with a few exceptions for clarity and/or length) of the various authors and references to the scientists’ works are maintained. Each section is pulled together so that a picture can be seen.
This section;
1. Redefines the atom with the addition of a subquark;
2. Defines the Spirilla Theory which unifies Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity, and explains Quantum Entanglement;
3. Defines new particles;
4. Redefines time and space;
5. Defines and solves the mystery of Black Holes and links the cosmic and quantum black hole through the spirillae;
6. Delves into the mystery of the Macroverse;
7. Outlines the steps in the origins of the universe;
8. Adds an equation to Einstein’s original 1905 paper on relativity which sees the speed of light approaching infinity;
9. Gives the foundation for developing space travel; and, as an appendix,
10. Gives detailed information for the development of a new energy source – Quantum Energy.

Part II - Ontology, Epistemology & Manifestations
Part II is divided into three sections:
1. Ontology and the fundamental concepts of reality which discusses:
a. consciousness and delves into the mystery of human consciousness having cosmic origins;
b. reincarnation and gives the various laws affecting rebirth, with a discussion on the principle of mutation and the perfecting of form;
c. the work of form-building, transmutation of form and the building of a human form.
2. Epistemology which covers a great deal of topics however; for the purposes of NOE the subject is restricted to;
a. evolution including a definition of the Law of Evolution, the cyclic ebb and flow and the rhythmic work of creation, the process of substitution, the evolution of man and the genesis of the pithecoid stocks; and
b. death including the processes of death, two main reasons for cremation and the sequence of events at death.
3. Manifestations of the various religions including:
a. why Christians don’t believe in reincarnation;
b. the coming science of invocation and evocation;
c. Quantum Entanglement Over Time (QEoT) or The Law of Cause and Effect, and The Law of Karma with a discussion on The Golden Rule ; and
d. The New World Religion.

The charged quantum geometry of mass-ENERGY-Matter - developed from the foundational postulate that quantised angular momenta of Planck's constant is in fact reflective of an equilateral mass-energy geometry from which all 2d immaterial EM fields and 3D material particles are created.

Cleanrooms are highly controlled environments, defined by
the air quality, and where certain physical and microbiological
requirements need to be met. Air quality is achieved through
a combination of airborne particulate control, such as through
high efficiency particulate air filters; high fresh air rates (air
movement and air changes); clean-up (or ‘recovery’) times;
pressure differentials, which concerns air direction;
temperature and humidity control (where necessary); cleaning
and disinfection; and staff behaviours and gowning. The
requirements for air quality, and the associated physical
aspects designed to achieve this, are contained within the
international standard ISO 14644.

In this research thesis, we describe and analyze the possible mathematical connections between several Ramanujan formulas, some equations concerning-Feynman Rules for massive particles of any spin, some sectors of String Theory and Number Theory.

UPDATED VERSION  24.12.2020

In these two lectures, we will address the topic of the creation of small black holes during particle collisions in a ground-based accelerator, such as LHC, in the context of a higher-dimensional theory. We will cover the main assumptions, criteria and estimates for their creation, and we will discuss their properties after their formation. The most important observable effect associated with their creation is likely to be the emission of Hawking radiation during their evaporation process. After presenting the mathematical formalism for its study, we will review the current results for the emission of particles both on the brane and in the bulk. We will finish with a discussion of the methodology that will be used to study these spectra and the observable signatures that will help us identify the black-hole events.

This paper proposes a Modular Universe toy-model (MUTM) predicting all elementary particles (EPs) to be actually quantum black-holes (QBHs) (gravitational quasi-singularities) governed by self-gravity and self-antigravity. This paper continues (from an alternative angle of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author in physics (cited in anti-chronological order, from the latest to the oldest.
#DONATIONS. Anyone can donate for dr. Dragoi’s independent research and original music at: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=AQYGGDVDR7KH2

This paper will utilize advanced computational mathematics and Quantum statistics for an algorithmic view on our universe. We will look at the theoretical nature of wave propagation, different Quantum states and propose a mathematical analysis for how it ties all together. Sequential equations applicable to nature and a utilization of Quantum similarity as proposed in my previous papers will also be used. The purpose of this paper is to provide a new approach to algorithmic Quantization in terms of describing the biggest complexities in Quantum Mechanics.

Over time a few physicists have held out hope and suggested that the elusive (sterile) neutrino might actually be a disguised tachyon and could be the key to unraveling some of the universe's best-kept secrets.
The tachyon ... a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light ... could reveal a plausible answer in e.g. Dark and Anti Matter (?)

Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which neutrino flavor changes spontaneously to another flavor. In the simple two flavor (ν µ , ν e) case, the probability that ν µ changes to ν e is expressed by P νµ→νe = sin 2 2θ sin 2 m 2 2 − m 2 1 4E ν L where E ν is the neutrino energy, L is the distance between the neutrino source and detector, m 1 and m 2 are the neutrino masses of the mass eigenstates and θ is the mixing angle between flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates.

This paper displays a graphical model for gravitational particles, so as to determine the wavelength of gravity waves. This wavelength is obtained graphically by trigonometry, in order to compute the gravitational acceleration, due to a body, at any point in space measured from the center of the body. The objective is to determine the gravitational acceleration, the wavelength of the gravitational wave, speed of the wave and its specific internal energy. To do the study we used formulas for acceleration and velocity which were obtained from hypothesis and well sustained experiment. Tables of results are shown which compare the results for gravitational acceleration obtained in this model, the results of Newton’s equation and the results for 45° taken from a book of physics [2]. It is concluded that gravitational force is a strong force and gravitational wave speed equals the speed of light at the center of the earth and diminishes with movement away from its center. I describe a the...

Sakharov's 1967 notion of "induced gravity" is currently enjoying a significant resurgence. The basic idea, originally presented in a very brief 3-page paper with a total of four formulas, is that gravity is not "fundamental" in the sense of particle physics. Instead it was argued that gravity (general relativity) emerges from quantum field theory in roughly the same sense that hydrodynamics or continuum elasticity theory emerges from molecular physics. In this article we will translate the key ideas into modern language, and explain the various versions of Sakharov's idea currently on the market.

In models with compact extra dimensions, where the Standard Model fields are confined to a 3+1 dimensional hyperplane, the $t \bar t$ production cross-section at a hadron collider can receive significant contributions from multiple exchange of KK modes of the graviton. These are carefully computed in the well-known ADD and RS scenarios, taking the energy dependence of the sum over

A unified Mathematical framework which describes particles interactions both in classical field theory of gravity and quantum field theory is presented, by introducing a velocity gauge field. The velocity gauge field Lagrangian is developed and shown to be equivalent to the Dirac field and related to the Electromagnetic field. The velocity fields interactions are shown to produce the Einstein-Hilbert action Lagrangian. Similar extension of the Mathematical framework to the Electromagnetic field produces the Quantum electrodynamics and Yang-Mills fields Lagrangians. Finally, a unified Lagrangian describing both velocity field and Electromagnetic field types is presented and alternative formulation suggested.

At the beginning, HEP experiments made use of photographical images both to record and store experimental data and to illustrate their findings. Then the experiments evolved and needed to find ways to visualize their data. With the availability of computer graphics, software packages to display event data and the detector geometry started to be developed. Here, an overview of the usage of event display tools in HEP is presented. Then the case of the ATLAS experiment is considered in more detail and two widely used event display packages are presented, Atlantis and VP1, focusing on the software technologies they employ, as well as their strengths, differences and their usage in the experiment: from physics analysis to detector development, and from online monitoring to outreach and communication. Towards the end, the other ATLAS visualization tools will be briefly presented as well. Future development plans and improvements in the ATLAS event display packages will also be discussed.

We derive a microscopic version of the successful phenomenological hydrodynamic model of Bohr-Davydov-Faessler-Greiner for collective rotation-vibration motion of an axially symmetric deformed nucleus. The derivation is not limited to small oscillation amplitude. The nuclear Schrodinger equation is canonically transformed the to collective co-ordinates, which is then linearized using a constrained variational method. The associated constraints are imposed on the wavefunction rather than on the particle co-ordinates. The approach yields three self-consistent, time-reversal invariant, cranking-type Schrodinger equations for the rotation-vibration and intrinsic motions, and a self-consistency equation. For harmonic oscillator mean-field potentials, these equations are solved in closed forms and applied to the ground-state rotational bands in some axially-symmetric nuclei. The results are compared with the measured data.

Power feed cavity set up consists of nine number of accelerating cavity and eight numbers of coupling cavity for testing of power feed cavity with coupling flange for 2856 MHz S band standing wave coupled cavity linac. When we are assembling the cavity and applying the pressure, its resonance frequency changes with applied pressure/load. After some critical pressure/load frequency change becomes negligible or zero. This set up will be used to find out assembly performance of power feed cavity and its coupler. Top four cavity or eight half cells as well as bottom four cavity or eight half cells will be brazed separately. Power feed cavity will be sandwiched between this two brazed cavity assemblies. This paper discuss about linear motion bush, linear motion rod, load cell, hydraulic actuator, power pack, stepper motor PLC control, jig boring, alignment, tolerances and assembly procedure for this test setup.

The mass of the neutral Higgs boson cannot be predicted by the Standard Model. Therefore, the particle is scanned for at different assumed masses. The search described here was done using data taken with the DELPHI detector during 1993-1994 (Ecm=91 GeV), 1996 (Ecm=161 and 172 GeV) and during 1997 (Ecm=183 GeV). The Higgs boson was searched for through the Bjorken process where the decay of the Z* into two neutrinos was assumed. In order to reduce the background to a level where a discovery would be possible, new analysis methods using discriminant analysis were developed. This led to a very good background rejection and high signal efficiency. One event, with a mass of 27.5±3.6 GeV/c2, was selected from the 1993 real data at Ecm=91 GeV; one event, mH=64.6+2.4-1.2 GeV/c2, from 1996 at Ecm=161 GeV; and one event, mH=88 GeV/c2, from 1997. In the absence of a clear signal, these results were translated into a limit on the Higgs boson mass mH>58.3 GeV/c2 with 1993 data, verified with ...

This paper lays out the mechanics of creation in the 3-spaces model of an electron-positron pair as a photon of energy 1.022 MeV or more is destabilized when grazing a heavy particle such as an atom's nucleus, thus converting a massless photon into two massive .511 MeV/c 2 particles charged in opposition. An alternate process was also experimentally discovered in 1997, that involves converging two tightly collimated photon beams toward a single point in space, one of the beams being made up of photons exceeding the 1.022 MeV threshold. In the latter case, electron/positron pairs were created without any atom's nuclei being close by. These two observed processes of photon conversion into electron-positron pairs set the 1.022 MeV photon energy level as the threshold starting at which massless photons become highly susceptible to become destabilized into converting to pairs of massive particles.

Introduction à la théorie électromagnétique initiale de Maxwell avec analyse plus approfondie conduisant à l'établissement au niveau subatomique d'une mécanique claire d'émission et d'absorption de photons électromagnétiques et de stabilisation des électrons dans les atomes. La découverte qui en a résulté de la nature adiabatique de l'énergie induite dans toutes les particules élémentaires chargées, liée à la première équation de Maxwell, tend à confirmer la conclusion à laquelle Einstein était parvenu vers la fin de sa vie, à savoir que la gravitation semble suivre le modèle de l'électromagnétisme. Compagnon de la monographie publiée antérieurement décrivant la mécanique électromagnétique des particules élémentaires.

The nuclei of atoms of heavy elements are not necessarily spherical; they may be variously extended or flattened along one, two or even three axes. An international team of physicists, led by scientists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow (IFJ PAN) and the Heavy Ion Laboratory at the University of Warsaw (HIL), has recently presented the results of experiments showing that complex superdeformed nuclei occur in much lighter elements, as well. [12] The work elucidates the interplay between collective and single-particle excitations in nuclei and proposes a quantitative theoretical explanation. It has as such great potential to advance our understanding of nuclear structure. [11] When two protons approaching each other pass close enough together, they can " feel " each other, similar to the way that two magnets can be drawn closely together without necessarily sticking together. According to the Standard Model, at this grazing distance, the protons can produce a pair of W bosons. [10] The fact that the neutron is slightly more massive than the proton is the reason why atomic nuclei have exactly those properties that make our world and ultimately our existence possible. Eighty years after the discovery of the neutron, a team of physicists from France, Germany, and Hungary headed by Zoltán Fodor, a researcher from Wuppertal, has finally calculated the tiny neutron-proton mass difference. [9] Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Lattice QCD gives the same results as the diffraction patterns of the electromagnetic oscillators, explaining the color confinement and the asymptotic freedom of the Strong Interactions.