Medival History

This paper contains geophysical analysis of the largest town square in Sigtuna, Sweden. The studied area is approximately 736 m2. The purpose of the study was to search for early medieval house remnants and to possibly find structures matching those found during excavations in other parts of the town. The hypothesis is that the town of Sigtuna was planned and that the yards of the town were put out in a special pattern following the main street, which is the same as today. During the day of the geophysical prospection the weather conditions were not optimal. A lot of water at the surface disturbed the instrument and gave a blurred image. It turned out that a lot of contemporary pipes and a large traffic island from the 1930s covered the area. Archaeological structures could only be seen in smaller areas in between later structures. Vague oblong structures could be seen, as well as a distinct smaller square on the eastern part of the area. A large rectangle close to the main street was also observed. None of these structures could be seen in modern maps or photographs and are therefore marked as something that could be of archaeological interest. Some of the structures that were noted were probably part of the original medieval town plan, as judged by their size and location.

Oppe på høyfjellet  på Skurdalsporten i Meråker ligger tre bergflater som er oversådd med korsfigurer. De første korsfigurene ble oppdaget  på 1980-tallet, og ble da antatt å være spor etter pilegrimstrafikk gjennom området i middelalderen. Så langt har man funnet greske kors, latinske kors/t-kors, patrialkalkors/erkebispekors og Andreaskors her, men siden feltene i dag er overvokst med skorpelav, kan det finnes enda flere uregistrerte korsformer her.

Pilegrimsleden fra Skurdalsporten til Nidaros har i motsetning til leden fra Gauldalen og over Vassfjellet  ingen nærliggende arkeologiske funn som kan knytte lokaliteten til pilegrimstrafikken. Trekker vi imidlertid linjene østover til det norrländske landskapet finnes mange bevis på pilegrimstrafikkens eksistens og olavskultens stilling. Det at leden ble lagt gjennom dette landskapet, kan oppfattes som et politisk styrt forsøk på å skape et tyngdepunkt i Norden gjennom innføring av skatt til Nidaros også i Mellan-Norrland.  Gjennom Norges innføring av lover som skulle verne om pilegrimene, og opprettelsen av overnattingssteder, ser vi det samme bildet (Ekroll in prep.).

Korset var pilegrimenes mektigste symbol. Ved å etterlate seg et merke i form av et innrisset kors eller en korsfigur kunne man på en enkel måte kommunisere for omverdenen at man var på pilegrimsreise. Å merke landskapet med kors kan oppfattes som en ritualisering eller kristning av stedet, der man sikret seg mot «ukristne» makter, spesielt i utmarka.

From Turkestan to Andalusia Spain, Medieval Islamic cities geographically occupied a wide area, and thus they had left their mark on the medieval era. Being one of these Islamic cities, Cordoba was seized by the Arabs in 711 and the first urbanization activities began upon moving the government centre from Seville to Cordoba. Later on, as the capital city of Andalusia Umayyad Dynasty, Cordoba became one of the most crucial cities of Spain in terms of science, art and trade. In this study, stating the features of medieval Western and Islamic cities, initially, the geographic, politic, economic and philosophic bases that took part in the establishment of the cities will be discussed and a specific focus will be made upon Cordoba city. Afterwards, information about the history, city layout and structure, city administration, socioeconomic structure and cultural formation of Cordoba will be presented. This study reveals that Renaissance which is the main output of the European urbanizat...

A mariner, a knight, the governor of the Isle of Guernsey, and a nobleman with influence at the English and the Portuguese courts – Edward
Brampton, the son of a Jewish blacksmith, defied the so-called strict hierarchy of late medieval society and earned status, prestige,
and fortune

From Turkestan to Andalusia Spain, Medieval Islamic cities geographically occupied a wide area, and thus they had left their mark on the medieval era. Being one of these Islamic cities, Cordoba was seized by the Arabs in 711 and the first urbanization activities began upon moving the government centre from Seville to Cordoba. Later on, as the capital city of Andalusia Umayyad Dynasty, Cordoba became one of the most crucial cities of Spain in terms of science, art and trade. In this study, stating the features of medieval Western and Islamic cities, initially, the geographic, politic, economic and philosophic bases that took part in the establishment of the cities will be discussed and a specific focus will be made upon Cordoba city. Afterwards, information about the history, city layout and structure, city administration, socioeconomic structure and cultural formation of Cordoba will be presented. This study reveals that Renaissance which is the main output of the European urbanization in medieval era cannot be considered apart from the administrative, socioeconomic , cultural and architectural features of the Islamic cities within the context of Ibn Haldun's thoughts.

A Trier-esseni ötvösműhelyek technikája és technológiájának, a díszítés módja és stílusának azonossága a keresztpánt zománclemezeivel bizonyítja az egy műhelyből származását. De a legfontosabb az, hogy a paleográfiai vizsgálat ezt igazolja is.

The early centuries of Armenian manuscript painting are known from a small and disparate collection of surviving works.  A general description of these works and their interrelations has thus far been difficult because there are too many lacunae, too many styles, and little supporting textual information.
I would like to use this occasion to reexamine special facets of Armenian painting from an isolated fragment of the late sixth century to the more abundant remains of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries in search of whatever coherence the works can offer.  It is hoped that these preliminary remarks on the genesis of Armenian book illumination will provoke a fertile response from an audience of specialists.  The manuscripts to be discussed in this paper are conveniently listed in chronological order in Table 1; henceforth they will be referred to by date or by manuscript number.

The stone artifact known as the chair of São Gens, preserved in the Lisbon hermitage of Senhora do Monte, has been associated since indeterminate times - with a literary tradition from at least the 18th century - to the figure of a legendary bishop martyred in pre-Constantinian times. On this supposed archaeological vestige were born  popular religious practices in which the martyr bishop appears as a facilitator of the labor of childbirth. In this study we review the legendary historical data on St. Gens of Lisbon and the successive (re) edifications of the hermitage, defending a possible pre-Christian chronology of the artifact and its primitive sacralization.

Il a suffi d'une citation d'Ibn Taymiya, prononcée par Abdelilah Benkirane, pour déclencher un tir nourri de protestations. Ce théologien du 13 e siècle est accusé d'être " un chantre de la violence " et d'inspirer au PJD des idées radicales et rétrogrades. Mais qui est vraiment Ibn Taymiya, l'invité surprise d'une campagne électorale en mal d'argument ? PAR GHASSAN EL KECHOURI AVEC SOUFIANE SBITI

Para Agostinho a Verdade suprema e a Felicidade eterna é Deus, para se conhecer e viver Nele são necessárias a Fé e a Razão. Ambas não podem trilhar caminhos diversos pois são complementares: enquanto a primeira estimula e promove a segunda, esta proporciona sustentáculos e clarifica na medida do possível a primeira (creio para entender e entendo para crer). Durante a adolescência, o filosofo sofreu influências do debate entorno do conceito de Verdade-se ela existe e como chegaríamos nela. Após sua conversão ao cristianismo Agostinho responde a dúvida cética por auto refutação, ora se duvido preciso pensar, se penso devo existir, se existo vivo e tenho certeza que penso, caso contrário seria absurdo duvidar. Pensar, existir e viver estão interligados de forma substancial no homem. A Verdade não se encontra nos objetos matérias pois eles são incapazes de produzirem conhecimentos por si mesmos. Embora os objetos possam agir sobre os sentidos é a alma que irá extrair de si mesma a representação daquele objeto (sensação). O corpo (sentidos exterior) é passível para que a alma (sentido interior) possa fazer um julgamento sobre o objeto. Por isso o julgamento erra, a sensação não. Porém, a sensação é apenas o primeiro degrau de conhecimento. Ao passo que os objetos são mutáveis e imperfeitos, a alma também o é, todavia possui critérios eternos e imutáveis. Para o Bispo, alma e corpo são indissociáveis e mudam de pessoa para pessoa por isso o homem é ser individual. É necessário concluir por tanto que acima da alma há um terceiro sentido totalmente imutável e superior, essa é Razão que se apresenta para todos de forma única. Através da Razão o sujeito percebe-se pensante, existente e vivo. Esse terceiro sentido apenas o homem tem. O ser humano na sua busca deve olhar para dentro de si, para o homem interior. Mas a razão não é a Verdade por excelência, é o olhar da alma das verdades eternas e imutáveis que são acessíveis por iluminação divina e são apresentes no homem interiormente por participação. Essas verdades são as Ideias – o Verbo de Deus que dão formas a todas as coisas. São arquétipos que participam da constituição de todo o que existe. A criação do mundo, é importante salientar, ocorre de forma simultaneamente, ou seja, Deus coloca os germes do que virá a ser todas as possibilidades ao longo do tempo (criação virtual em conjunto da material). Logo o mundo possui unidade, forma e harmonia.

The paper is an attempt to read the biography of a scholar reformer of twentieth century Kerala in the contemporary context. The paper tries to locate the the studies, itineraries and initiatives of Abussabah Ahammedali in the transformative world of Indian subcontinent  of the first half of twentieth century covering its economy politics and culture. Ahmmedali's priorities,methods and practices in his educational and reformist interventions are intertwined with the social world while local and global traits of culture were engaging each other in South Asia.  Ahammedali could accomplish a great feat in the realm of uplifting the people of Malabar  by way of reconciling science and religion as well as fomenting a culture of inclusiveness

The study of the Tabula Peutingeriana creates more questions than answers. The wealth of information but the lack of definitive evidence of its production, benefactor and purpose has long intrigued scholars.  Examples of traditional cartography are evident in the outlay of the Tabula Peutingeriana but much of the composition of the Tabula Peutingeriana suggests that typical cartographic methods were laid aside to allow the creator of the Tabula Peutingeriana to use aspects of cartography to manipulate the layout and to display his own desired perspective. This perspective allows both the modern and ancient audiences to experience a clear and direct perspective of the Roman Empire and what Benefactor of the Tabula Peutingeriana identified as being important and significant to the Roman Empire and those who lived within it. This clear and directed perspective allows us as the modern audience to use the Tabula Peutingeriana as a cultural artifact to get a rare glimpse in to what it meant to be Roman during this period of the Roman Empire.

Cette étude porte sur les systèmes défensifs d’une quarantaine de villes petites et moyennes, édifiés en Alsace centrale entre les XIIIe et XVe siècles, jusqu’à leur déclassement ou démantèlement définitif au XIXe siècle.

Les ressources sollicitées sont de natures diverses : prospections des vestiges conservés, sondages archéologiques, documentation iconographique (plans, gravures, photographies anciennes), archives médiévales et modernes. Parmi ces dernières, une grande enquête sur l’état de conservation des enceintes des petites villes, bourgs et villages d’Alsace, initiée par le directeur des fortifications d’Alsace en 1779, livre un tableau exhaustif des systèmes fortifiés avant leur abandon.

Les questions abordées portent sur les matériaux de construction, les diverses composantes de la défense (portes, murs, fossés, remparts...), les données topographiques et la chronologie des aménagements.

Les enseignements majeurs, dans un domaine où seules les enceintes des grandes villes ont jusqu’à présent attiré l’attention, sont la diversité des réponses apportées au besoin de défense mais également des chronologies et types de structures qui n’ont rien à envier à ces grandes villes. Tout au moins jusqu’au XVIe siècle ; car sauf exception, ces villes petites et moyennes n’ont en effet pas pu prendre le virage du bastionnement des fortifications. Elles ont en revanche assez bien entretenu les structures héritées du Moyen Âge pour encore pouvoir être considérées comme des points d’appui dans la défense de la région par l’administration royale peu avant la Révolution.

In contrast to the East of Austria, its western part and especially the Genizat Tirolensia ist still widely unexplored. Until recently the Tyrolean libraries had never been checked systematically on Hebrew and Aramaic fragments of medieval Hebrew books and documents recovered from book bindings and notarial files and the 18 fragments of the University library are chance finds. However a systematically recording is promising: in less than a year eight new fragments have been found and identified. The establishment of Jews in North- and South Tyrol is documented since the 13th century. Among the new finds are unique Talmud fragments, a Haftarah exemplary, Halakhah commentaries from Ashkenazic, Sephardic and Italian provenance shedding new light on the spiritual life of the Jews of medieval Tyrol. Further findings are to be expected and it is obvious that the history of the Jews of this border region has to be rewritten and completed. In this paper we want to present the new findings and the material for a new cross-border project within the European network "Books within books: Hebrew Fragments in European Libraries".

Сажетак: Детињство и младост у средњем веку било је другачије схваћено него данас. Деца су сматрана само малим људима, уопште, није се сматрало да је то један посебан период кроз које пролази човек у свом развоју. Тако ћемо у овом раду, на основу расположивих извора, да анализирамо какав је то живот пре византијског прогонства и крунисања водио српски краљ Стефан Урош III Дечански. Са чим се све суочавао и које су последице тога биле. И како је од престолонаследника постао изганик.
Кључне речи: Стефан Дечански, Стефан Милутин, одрастање, младост, средњи век

GROWING UP AND YOUTH OF STEFAN DEČANSKI
Summary: Childhood and youth in medieval times was
differently understood than today. Children were considered as little
humans,in general, it was not considered that this is a special period
which certain person goes trough in his development phase. In this
document based on available historical sources we are going to analyze
what kind of life serbian king Stefan Uroš III of Dečani lived, before
byzantinian exile and coronation. With what he was facing and which
consequences he had after. And how he came from heir to became an
outcast.
Key words: Stefan of Dečani, Stefan Milutin, growing up, youth,
medieval

SCIVIAS
A JOURNEY INTO THE IMAGES
Sara Salvadori

The meaning of the complex prophetic text by Hildegard von Bingen, amidst symbolisms and visions

The book is the story of the journey in which the humanity/bright stars in Eve’s womb join with the stars in the sky. A possibility offered to each soul: to return back to the Light of the origins of the Earth. An experience belonging to Hildegard in her visions and narrated, in obedience to the voice of God, leaving behind her fears, in a precious manuscript where images make the story come alive. A Journey into the Images is born in the hopes of satisfying
this desire for knowledge, revealing the Ways the title of the work promises, in a reading guided by images. The central pages present the 35 original-size miniature reproductions with alongside a key that easily illustrates the symbolic
meaning and a concise description of the vision.
The outcome of 7 years of study, this is the first book that illustrates the complex prophetic text of the German Saint, in a reading guided by images (26 visions and 35 miniatures).
Hildegard von Bingen is one of the four women who are Doctors of the Church.
Hildegard was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary and polymath. She is considered to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany.

The article provides an overview of Old-Russian, Byzantine, Latin, Arabic and Jewish-Khazar
texts of the 10th – the beginning of the 12th century, in which there are mentions of ethnonyms, which can be
considered as the names of Slavic «tribal» communities. These historical evidences («Bavarian Geographer»,
the letter of the Khazar king Joseph, a treatise «De Administrando Imperio», Primary Chronicle and some
others) are researched with the help of text’s critics to define their historical authenticity. Special attention
is paid to the coincidences of these texts, which are a key argument for the reality of denotation-societies
behind these designation-ethnonyms. Particular attention is focused on verifying and assessing the reliability
of the historical and geographical information about Slavic «tribes» in the early Old Russian Chronicles.
The paper collects and examines historical and linguistic data about the key Slavic communities of Eastern
Europe (Polyane, Ulichi, Drevljane, Krivichi, Sloveni and some others). Separately the archaeological information
about the areas for which they were located in the 10th–11th centuries is reviewed. It is concluded that
behind the equal ethnonyms in terms of language and literary context of earlier chronicles can be «hidden»
different types of communities (political, territorial or others). In some cases it is impossible to determine
the type of community-denotation even hypothetically (for example, Dregovichi). There is no reason to date
the emergence of any community much earlier fixing its name, the names of its leaders or other onomastic
markers in the written sources.

This Pope was noted as having stated, "All ages can attest how profitable that fable of Christ has been to us and our company."* Or, the paraphrase which has been more widely stated, "What profit we have made from this fable of Christ." He, Pope Leo X (Pope from 1513-1521), is also noted having said to his brother, "Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it."**

When an Inner-Circle source such as a pope, those of royal blood, or people writing either during or before the Holy Roman Empire fell, and they refer to 'God', they are doing so with the knowledge that 'God' was an inherited title; much the same as titles are inherited by royalty. In the case of popes speaking of 'God', they are referring to the God of the New Testament, Arrius Calpurnius Piso.***

Pope Leo X was a Medici Pope. However, his mother was an Orsini. And this line of descent (given below) is through his mother's family line.

Учебное пособие представляет собой издание специального курса,
предназначенного для начинающих медиевистов – историков, источниковедов Средних веков, а также может быть полезным для всех гуманитариев, занятых научным творчеством. Оно содержит практические советы для написания научно-исследовательской работы, рассматривает ее как аналитический процесс, в сжатом виде знакомит с его психологическими особенностям и помогает разобраться в видах, способах, методике и организационных вопросах такой работы.
Для студентов, соискателей ученых степеней, преподавателей. По-
собие может быть использовано в системе подготовки и повышения квалификации научных и научно-педагогических кадров.