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Singular solutions of the generalized Dhombres functional equation. (English) Zbl 1311.39026

The authors consider the generalized Dhombres functional equation \[ f(xf(x))=\phi(f(x)), \] where \(\phi\) is given and \(f\) is an unknown continuous map from \(\mathbb R_+\) into \(\mathbb R_+\); the set of the continuous solutions is denoted by \(S(\phi)\). A solution \(f\) is regular if the sets \(R_f \cap (0,1]\) and \(R_f \cap [1,\infty)\), where \(R_f\) is the range of \(f\), are \(\phi\)-invariant; otherwise \(f\) is singular. To each \(f\in S(\phi)\) is naturally associated the dynamical system \((R_f,\phi_{|R_f})\). The paper investigates the properties of the singular solution of the functional equation. The main results of the paper can be summarized as follows:
(i) Every singular \(f\in S(\phi)\) is non-increasing on the set of points which are mapped by \(f\) into the set \(P(\phi)\) of periodic points of \(\phi\);
(ii) There are a \(\phi\) and a singular \(f\in S(\phi)\) such that \(\phi_{|R_f}\) contains exactly one fixed point, exactly one periodic orbit of period \(2\), and no other periodic points;
(iii) There is a singular \(f\in S(\phi)\) such that \(\phi_{|R_f}\) possesses a periodic point of period \(3\) hence, for every \(n\in \mathbb N\), a periodic orbit of period \(n\).

MSC:

39B12 Iteration theory, iterative and composite equations
39B22 Functional equations for real functions
26A18 Iteration of real functions in one variable
37E05 Dynamical systems involving maps of the interval
37C27 Periodic orbits of vector fields and flows
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References:

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