Sustainable Landscape Design (Architecture)

Traditional buildings across Nigeria’s geographical zones are known to have demonstrated a thorough response to the climate, local technology and socio-economic milieu in which they evolved. The origin of these different traditional building body associates with the natural materials availability to the local builders as well as religious belief, cultural and taboos. The advent of colonialism in Nigeria changed the traditional life and culture of Nigerian which creates a weak connection between traditional architecture and contemporary architecture in Nigeria. Most recent buildings designs across Hausa regions in Nigeria have been built with imported materials and the construction techniques tailored to satisfy the modernity self-ego and aspirations. Thus, traditional architecture ought not to be abandoned and forgotten, hence; experts’ awareness should be tailored to the understanding of its original essence. This paper through intensive literature review of documents, journals, books, periodical, seminar papers amongst others critically explore the key importance relating to the development of Hausa traditional architecture. In addition, paper identifies the “determinant” and “moderating” factors as main issues that contributed to the development of Hausa traditional architecture, in cognizance of local materials, method of construction, methods lay-out, social, cultural factors, and environmental factors amongst others. The enumerated factors dominate the colonial periods and the subsequent traditional forms development. Thus, the paper concludes that despite the impact of modernization in terms of styles, materials, and method of construction in recent times, the professionals, designers and the researchers should be cognizance of the social- cultural and religious beliefs of clients/users. It is recommended that, for functional architectural forms, efforts should be geared towards harmonizing the traditional and modern contemporary designs concepts.
KEYWORDS: Hausa, Traditional Architecture, Determinant Factors, Moderating Factors, Culture.

Integral to the reproductive processes of the biota of several forest, shrub, and grassland biome-types, wildfire ignites some 3,400,000km2 of Earth’s vegetated surface annually. Though a highly complex phenomena coupled with not one, but several Earth systems, human actions are both directly and indirectly changing wildfire frequencies, intensities, severities, and behaviours, and to the detriment of both environment and society. Nowhere is this felt more so than the wildland urban interface, which home to roughly 1/3 of the nation’s populous and 40% of its housing stock, is the fastest-growing land-use type in the conterminous United States. A place where fire-averse architectures meet increasingly fire-prone lands, loss of lives, properties, and livelihoods to a series of wildfire complexes of proportions unprecedented in living memory have rendered there an urgent need to reconsider the challenge of living with wildfire as a vital landscape process. The product of a transdisciplinary study which converged state-of-the-knowledge from fields as diverse as the fire, ecological, and wider Earth sciences; information, communication, computing, and related technologies, both digital and biological; evolutionary, smart and living materials, architectures, and urban systems; philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and policymaking, this thesis presents a new wildland urban interface paradigm modelled on the biochemistries, behaviours, and systems of fire-adapted flora and the fire regimes they form. Migrating biomimetics from the level of species to systems, relying not on generic notions of nature and its workings, nor assumptions more generally, but on rigorous interrogation of the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes from the molecular to landscape to planetary scale, and across both human and geological timescales, several original theoretical and technical architectural and urban concepts are discussed, together with their possible applications and implications both within and beyond the wildland urban interface. Integrating insights from local and global indigenous and ancient fire cultures, the findings conclude that not merely is a reconciliation of human and non-human systems at the interface of fire-prone wild and urban lands possible, but therein resides potent ecological, social, and technical potentialities that merit further research in the years ahead.

Chapter Overview: Transcending the boundaries of space and time, whereas the 5-part case studies series is exclusively focused on recent western U.S. wildfire complexes and the future WUI insights as can be gleaned therefrom, this triangulated case study extends across continents and centuries to discuss parallels between events that have historically been considered as mutually exclusive, therein studied in silos. Traversing transdisciplinary information as relates to both wildland and urban fires, a system of systems approach is employed by means of illuminating how, at the level of biochemistry, physics, and the wider sciences, fire behaviours as are witnessed in wildlands have become manifest in cities past and present, and why the matter thereof it pertinent to architectural and urban design futures. While informing the new WUI paradigm this thesis puts forth, the purpose of this chapter is that of highlighting the wider applicability of the findings of this research programme, and of critiquing construction, and other built environment concepts as evidence vulnerability to fire.

This paper presents hybrid and nature-based
solutions (NBS) for wastewater treatment that may
be applied to diverse urban and peri-urban contexts.
They offer multiple environmental and economic
benefits, with the enhancement of human health,
and lower energy consumption. Decentralized
and circular sewage treatment enables to recycle
water, transform sludge in compost, and use gas
to generate energy. NBS promotes habitats for
biodiversity and contributes to mitigate GHG
emissions. Hybrid or NBS systems may integrate
urban parks. In large areas constructed wetlands
are viable, in more restricted spaces compact low
impact systems are smart options. Some innovative
examples are also presented. (in Portuguese, Pages 133-158)

M agic, mythology and Celtic culture are the three premises to be found in Brigit's garden. This is an emblematic place that has been able to combine the essence of life and death through nature, biodiversity and Irish tradition. Mary Reynolds structured this area in four plots interconnected by means of paths that create individual spaces. Walking through this area is a trip through life's cycle in which each garden represents one of the Celtic festivals of Ireland: Samhain, Imbolc, Bealtaine and Lughansa. These festivals mirror life's cycle by contrasting the concepts of life and death. Every garden keeps the savage nature of the landscapes of East Ireland and they are intended to promote biodiversity. The four plots are separate spaces but all of them they include plants from Ireland. The characteristics of Brigit's Garden make these places enjoyable by adults but also by children who can discover the mysterious animals hidden in the gardens by means of different games.

In the year 2011 until 2016, Coastal Erosion news gets the media's attention and the government as they try to find a solution for the erosion problems at Pantai Teluk Lipat, Dungun Terengganu. The beach is listed as among the six severe coastal erosion in Malaysia. It is caused by a heavy storm wave during the northeast monsoon. Moreover, the natural aesthetic value has been destroyed by the geological process and give bad impact on the village settlement at shoreline area. Therefore, this project is to find a solution and implementing the solution for coastal management by using living breakwater system solution to enhance coastal erosion at Pantai Teluk Lipat. Also, to proposed the natural shoreline that necessary for sustaining the coastal landscape by providing long-lasting and viable sustainable landscape design while offering recreation for the public and community. Design implementation is using the coastal management and coastal engineering approach to produce the framework of design which to creating a coastal management solution that will integrate the space of coastal shoreline with constructed the coastal protection breakwater which to be possible of coastal management improvement of coastal erosion. The primary purpose of the solution is to improve the coastal shoreline by providing coastal protection of island breakwater to the local people that will bring new living lifestyle back of breakwater protection. From then that, the new development of coastal management of Pantai Teluk Lipat will bring more excitement to the visitor in recreational and also to the local community about cultural, economic aspects that to help protect the habitat and provide interpretive opportunities.

Edible sustainable landscaping is an important step toward sustainability in an urban environment. Replacing a traditional grass lawn with this type of landscaping would reduce water and maintenance requirements of an area of campus and would create habitat for animals as well as providing food for local wildlife, pollinators, and members of the community. The project sought to design a plot of edible landscaping on campus of Clark University and understanding faculty and staff attitudes and opinions toward the project. The methods used in this project included the exploration of secondary data on edible landscaping, field trip to UMass Amherst, interviews with six stakeholders, soil test analysis, plot and plants selection. The results indicated most stakeholders agreed that edible, sustainable landscaping at Clark would increase the institution’s approach to sustainability, foster students’ learning and encourage behavioral change through education, and collaborative partnership. Annual herbs, fruit-bearing shrubs, nutrient accumulating ground cover plants, and some trees are ideal for this type of landscaping. The soil test illustrated that the soil quality at the selected plot is low in important nutrients but lead levels are below hazardous limits so growing edible plants will not be a problem with the addition of compost. With the support of staff and faculty, one plot in Downing Street that is dominated by grass and difficult to mow was selected for this edible landscaping pilot project.

In spite of the serene natural environment created by God for the benefit of all the earth inhabitants with vegetation, water bodies, hills and mountains dotting everywhere to create an environment planned to achieve an atmosphere that denotes and connotes peacefully living, quality and healthy life style, and a sustained earth space for future
generation – the rapid deteriorating state of the natural landscape advancement in technology and the quest of man for more cannot be overlooked as various government all over the global are striving to ensure that the future generation meet in place an environment that can still be called healthy and conducive. This act by the governments  is known as “Sustainability”.

The word sustain means to preserve and one of the ways be which the environment can be preserved is through effective planning of rural and urban area; whereby the capacity within the urban area is no longer in proportion its population speedy growth and this has resulted into further gradual extinction of the few remaining natural habitat which has
now giving birth to the urgent need of a Sustainable Urban Planning – this is the main basis for this research topic. How to ensure that people are more sensitive to their natural environment.

This research work investigates on the idea of softscape, how it relates to sustainable urban planning, challenges faced in the cause of implementing a sustainable urban plan and how softscape as a landscaping element can be used to improve the implementation and also the quality of the environment. Basis studies of pervious research works and notable garden and parks are used in this research with emphasizes on the Kuala Lumpur City Centre Taman in Malaysia, being a park location within the center of one of the busiest capital cities in Asia.

At the end of the research observation as where made as to how the use of softscape elements can help improve the quality of living in respect to urban beautification, air purification and creating a relaxing atmosphere for recreational purposes all within a sustainable planned urban area. Recommendation on how well to sanitized and imbibe in the people to embraces softscape method of sustaining their immediate environment and the larger community will be made.

Landscape is simply the scenery of the environment that appeals to the human sense of beauty; this perception is brought about by the combination/ mix of natural and man-made physical features that makes up the environment. This study looked at the factors affecting landscaping in Auchi polytechnic. The data used for the study was the primary and secondary source of data. From the findings of the study it was deduced that various factors ranging from climate, soil, slope, topography, poor refuse disposal, erosion, negligence and corruption are the major factors affecting landscape in the institution. A landscape proposal was made by the researchers to help curb the problem and it was recommended that landscaping should be incorporated from the design stage of institutional building projects, regular maintenance programme should be carried out periodically to ensure that the facilities are kept to the require standard among others.

A river is an essential element in everyday life- as a resource, as a means of transport, as a corridor of endless movement and as a hub for recreation. It also captures several imaginations along its front, providing various diverse opportunities. Significant riverfronts in the past have contributed to the evolution of early civilizations and human settlements. According to Postel and Richter (2003), water in the city is needed for various key reasons – practical, aesthetic and spiritual. Unfortunately though, in the current scenario, most significant riverfronts have been abused and plagued by environmental issues, disturbed
habitats and unstable landfills leading to contamination of soil and water. One of the primary reasons for this scenario is the continued and rapid pace of urban growth that adds to the demand for existing resources. Despite this prevalent
condition, over the last two decades, there have been renewed and rigorous efforts to bring back the life along waterfronts both in India and the world over.

In 'Città Europea in Evoluzione' l’architetto e urbanista Giuseppe Marinoni e il fotografo Giovanni Chiaramonte mostrano una significativa rassegna di quelle parti di città sorte in seguito alla riqualificazione di aree industriali e frange infrastrutturali dismesse. Tali parti urbane esprimono ora densità di usi e significati, pluralismo morfologico e sociale, compresenza di fatti edilizi paesaggistici e infrastrutturali, aderendo ai principi di sostenibilità ambientale nella condivisione dei valori espressi dalla ‘città compatta europea’. Marinoni sostiene con profonda convinzione gli approcci del ‘progetto urbano coordinato’come strumento efficace alla trasformazione e innovazione urbana e paesaggistica di qualità, capace di agire in una dimensione processuale e di separatezza di tempi, poteri, discipline e competenze.Chiaramonte, attraverso la sua analitica fotografia, offre ai lettori vedute di realizzazioni architettoniche e infrastrutturali di tali progetti urbani europei, realizzati negli ultimi due decenni in Spagna, Paesi Bassi, Germania, Francia, Portogallo, Italia e Regno Unito.

ABSTRACT The locations and the relationships between locations that have emerged with urbanization and the growth of cities have placed considerable pressures on city dwellers. In recent times, city dwellers have been seeking comfort both inside and outside their homes. The search for comfort outside of homes, in particular, has increasingly focused on satisfying both the physical and psychological eeds of city dwellers. To satisfy such demands, efforts should be made to create locations with aesthetic and functional qualities. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the relationships between the visual quality of urban recreational areas and the structural and vegetation landscape elements of these areas with regards to the preferences of visitors and users. One-on-one interviews using photo- questionnaires were conducted in the study areas with 409 individuals. Based on our findings, it was observed that the water surface area, the widths of pedestrian walkways, the function of recreational areas, plant composition, plant color composition, and plant species diversity can positively affect the visual quality of a landscape area. Furthermore, it was determined that a lack of bush-type plants within the plant composition can have a negative effect on visual quality.

Landscape planning and design involve decisions that have far-reaching effects, positive and negative, on the soundscape. However, landscape architecture and related disciplines have not fully recognised the possibilities of considering sound issues in design projects. This is problematic, considering that sound influences health and wellbeing and is an important factor in environmental experience.

This thesis examines how soundscape thinking can be facilitated in landscape architecture. The work is based on a mixed-method approach and it is practice-orientated in the sense that it studies how landscape architects currently work with sound and how they could work with sound in the future. The soundscape concept is used to emphasise the experiential characteristics of the sonic environment and to discuss the role of sound in landscape architecture, particularly in noise-exposed situations. Applications of soundscape design are raised in several examples, including construction of a design intervention as a reference project involving noise masking.

The understandings obtained are used to formulate a set of strategies and tools for the profession as a soundscape approach to noise, in which problems and possibilities are given consideration to ensure a varied and purposeful environment. A model based on three categories is presented to evaluate and facilitate such a comprehensive approach, where each of the three categories (localisation of functions, reduction of unwanted sounds and introduction of wanted sounds) represents a central consideration that can be taken in landscape architecture.

An extended version of the comprehensive model is also presented. It comprises a list of 23 ‘soundscape actions’, each of which represents a concrete, general strategy that can be adopted to improve soundscapes, particularly focusing on noise-exposed situations. To increase applicability, the soundscape actions were developed in collaboration with professional landscape architects, Master’s students, acousticians, artists and other experts.

The findings are discussed in relation to contemporary challenges in the profession, particularly focusing on the sustainability discourse and covering issues such as green structures, densification and the notion of ‘quiet areas’.

Since consumption is increasing rapidly due to urbanization and
population growth and green areas are decreasing, sustainable landscape designs are gaining importance nowadays. Plants, which are the most important and basic material of landscape designs, fulfil many functions in nature and provide a serious contribution to the improvement of the environment against increasing pollution. For this reason, plants undertake many tasks in landscape design, not only in terms of aesthetic function but also in other functions. In addition to functional features such as air cleaning, climate control, prevention of erosion, noise reduction, and support for people’s psychological, social and cultural needs, there are many aesthetic functions such as giving space and dimension to the area, limiting the field of vision, and softening the solid appearance of buildings (Yeşil et al., 2014). Regarding the developments in landscape design in recent years, it is seen that species with high natural, economic, aesthetic and functional features are used in urban areas, parks and gardens near the city, thus sustainable designs compatible with nature are achieved. Because of global warming and climate change which are the greatest environmental disaster of our time, the decrease of our water resources requires plant species used in landscape designs to be chosen more intelligently. At this point, the use of medicinal and aromatic species is increasingly becoming more important, as well as disease-and-pestresistant natural species that can tolerate changes in air temperature. In addition to their use for medical purposes, by using medical and aromatic plants in recreation areas, natural views can be provided, which is a difficult design process. As well as the visual effects of medical and aromatic plants’ leaves and flowers, the plants’ scents are also used in the design. The features of medical and aromatic plants vary according to their variety and species. These different features affect the use of plants in harmony with nature and in landscape designs. The use of natural species in landscaping designs has contributed to the country's economy by saving labour and time as well as reducing maintenance jobs. In addition, the use of these species due to their high resistance to drought is also a solution to water scarcity, which is a serious environmental problem. These applications are
especially preferred in special areas such as highways and roof gardens.
Rosmarinus officinalis, Nerium oleander and Laurus nobilis can be given
as some examples of the species used in designs. The aim of this study is to identify the use objectives of medical and aromatic plants, which have a potential usage in landscape designs, and to make proposals for increasing

Architecture in Context: Designing in the Middle East provides a foundation for understanding the critical context of architecture and design in this region. It does this by:

    1. presenting a practical overview of architectural know-how in the Middle East, and its potential for cultivating a sense of place
    2. introducing local architectural vocabularies and styles, and how they can still be reactivated in contemporary design
    3. exploring the cultural and contextual meaning of forms as references that may influence contemporary architecture
    4. discussing important discourses and trends in architecture that allow a rethinking of the current global/local dichotomy.

Highly illustrated, the book covers architecture and design in North Africa, the Levant, the Gulf, and Turkey, Iran and Iraq.

Advanced accepted manuscript copy. Published formatted copy will be posted when available.  This research paper reviews the literature in an area of engineering heritage requiring further examination, the impact of climate change on historic urban water supply systems. Many opportunities exist to enhance the sustainability of historic water works still in operation, in order to help mediate climate change effects. This must include mitigating climate change impacts on sources of potable water, such as by implementing strategies for water efficient landscape design, while considering possible uses of the visible elements of the system, such as water treatment plants, to draw attention to this engineering heritage’s continued and critical role. The R.C. Harris filtration plant is the main water treatment plant for the Greater Toronto Area, drawing water from Lake Ontario. This iconic “Palace of Purification” has been in continuous use since 1941, and was declared a National Historic Civil Engineering Site in 1992. In 2013, it was still producing nearly 40% of Toronto's tap water. Examination of this plant serves to illustrate the interconnection of a system’s historic design and its water source’s watershed as heritage, to discuss expected impacts of climate change, and explain some of the possibilities for mitigation but also eventual necessary and challenging adaptations to changing treatment needs.

In this paper, an attempt in finding alternative to lawn solutions for the Mediterranean region and semi-arid areas with water deficit is made. Persistence to lawn and its intensive cultivation can be linked with probable environmental problems, but also with the identity and special biodiversity of the Mediterranean and Greek region. Thus, the lawn issue is connected with the broader topic of sustainable landscape design and management and also search of the genius loci, for ecologically sound, aesthetically pleasing and functional places. 
An attempt in finding solutions for land cover that fit the characteristics of Mediterranean areas is made through bibliographical research on the history of vernacular and modern landscape architecture in Greece and other Mediterranean countries and open field research. In open field, the ability of the grass Dichantium ischaemum in producing leaves after cut, under severe water stress is tested. The choice of a C4 plant with exceptional ability in surviving under water stress conditions is linked to its probable ability in forming a sustainable lawn. Results confirm the hypothesis in this first attempt but further research is recommended. Furthermore, 5 more alternatives to lawn are examined, and conclusions are made.

Biyolojik gölet tasarımlarının temel amacı bölge ekosisteminin ve su rezervlerinin korunmasıdır. Bölge ekolojik değerlerinin korunabilmesi ve geleceğe aktarılabilmesi için doğru kullanımlara yer verilmesi gerekir. Biyolojik gölet kullanımı bireylerin boş zamanlarını verimli, sağlıklı geçirmeleri sağlamanın yanı sıra, toplumsal eğitimi de sağlamaktır. Çalışmada Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Botanik Bahçesi'ne ve Çanakkale kentine uygulanabilecek biyolojik gölet için kullanıma uygun tasarım bitkileri belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen su kıyısı, su kenarı ve su içi bitkilerinin özellikleri, kullanım ilkeleri ve tasarım önerileri tablo halinde değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada belirlenen bitki türlerinin bölge doğal bitki örtüsünde yer alan örnekleri vardır. Bunların yaşam alanları, iklim istekleri, morfolojik ve dendrolojik özellikleri tablo ile açıklanarak, botanik bahçesi için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

ÖZ Herkes için tasarımın amacı; binalar, peyzaj tasarımına konu olan her türlü alan ve mekan, iletişim araçları veya ev eşyalarında, her bireyin aynı fiziksel çevre için geliştirilen çözümleri mümkün olan en geniş ölçüde kullanmasını sağlamak amacı ile gerekli teorilerin, ilkelerin ve çözüm önerilerinin geliştirilmesidir. Herkes için tasarımda; her bireye eşit koşullarda eşit hak, kullanım olanakları, konu ve davranış biçimlerinin sağlanması, kilit kavramlardır. Herkes için tasarım; her türlü kullanıcıya duyarlı kapsayıcı ve sürdürülebilir bir tasarımdır. Açık alan veya doğal alanların tasarımı ve düzenlenmesi; plancılar, mimarlar, peyzaj mimarları ve endüstri ürünleri tasarımcıları için özel fırsatların yanı sıra benzersiz zorluklar da sunmaktadır. Birçok kırsal ya da kentsel alan, toplumun belli bir kesimi tarafından erişilebilir konumda değil ya da kullanılamaz durumdadır. Herkes için peyzaj tasarımı; çağdaş vurgu, sürdürülebilirlik, ergonomi, eşitlik ve özgürlük ilkeleri kapsamında değerlendirilmeleri gereken bir olgudur. Peyzaj alanları herkes için tasarım kapsamında düzenlendiğinde; yaşlılar, engelli bireyler ve çocuklu aileler de dahil olmak üzere toplumun her kesimini kapsayan bir nitelik kazanabilmektedir. Bu araştırma kapsamında; herkes için tasarım kavramsal anlamda değerlendirilecek evrensel tasarım ilkelerine yer verilmiş ve tasarım bileşenleri peyzaj mimarlığı açısından irdelenmiştir. ABSTRACT The objective of design for all is to develop theories, principles and solution suggestions for ensuring that each and every individual uses the solutions developed for physical environment in the widest sense, within the scope of buildings, any area and space that is subjected to landscape design, communication tools or households goods. In design-for-all, the key point is to ensure every individual with the rights of use, manners and forms under equal terms. Along with special opportunities, design and landscaping of open areas and natural fields present unexampled challenges for planners, architectures, landscape architectures and industrial product designers. Many rural or urban areas are not accessible by a certain part of the society, nor is it usable. Landscape design for all is a phenomenon, which needs to be addressed within the scope of the principles of modern focus, sustainability, ergonomics, equality and freedom. Where the landscape areas are subjected to landscaping within the scope of designing, it may be of a characteristic to be used by each and every part of the society, including the elders, people with disabilities and families with children. Within the scope of this research, the universal design principles are included in terms of design-for-all, while examining the design components in terms of landscape architecture.

The number of cultural parks has been steadily increasing in recent years throughout the world. But what is a cultural park? This book provides a detailed answer to this question and sets out the basis for an academic debate that moves beyond the technical narratives that have prevailed to date. It is important to open up the topic to academic scrutiny given that cultural parks are becoming widespread devices being employed by different institutions and social groups to manage and enhance cultural and natural heritage assets and landscapes. The main problem in dealing with this topic is the predominant lack of theory-grounded, critical reflection in the literature about cultural parks. These remain largely conceived as technical instruments deployed by institutions in order to solve an array of problems they must deal with. As cultural parks are generally regarded as positive and constructive tools whose performance is associated with the preservation of heritage, the overcoming of the nature/culture divide, the reinforcing of identity and memory and the strengthening of social cohesion and economic development, this book critically explores these issues through the analysis of the literature on cultural parks. In addition, it provides a novel theoretical conceptualization of cultural parks that is connected with, and underpins, a tentative methodology developed for their empirical analysis.

The vertical landscape strategy is an alternative approach to increase urban residents’ contact with the landscape, improve quality of life and general psychological health (S.Kellert, 2005). This paper presents a research of vertical landscape intervention to build climate resistance in Southeast Asia. The pragmatic methodology used to approach this discussion employs a variety of strategies to challenge the research question discussed. The study is conducted by identifying issues in the
region, illustration, literature review, and questionnaire for local communities in Italy and Singapore for a better understanding of the benefit and shortcomings of the argument. The literature review focuses on case studies of the different climates of countries with dense cities, such as Italy, China, and Singapore. The vertical landscape creates a continuity between spaces and human interaction by reactivating spaces that are often overlooked. This leads to the research inquiry of the importance of resilience vertical landscape intervention that seeks to better understand and ultimately benefit the current issues that society are facing in the long run. This work will contribute to the debates on the importance of vertical landscape in Southeast Asia to have a positive impact on the social, economic and ecological aspects of a place.

This paper is a comparative study on the sustainability of two Persian gardens located on the arid central plateau of Iran. The authors observe sustainability in many elements of traditional Iranian architecture and landscape architecture and describe how these methods of design have responded to climate problems over many centuries. Today, a major contributing factor to increased pollution in Iran is the usage of non-standard, unsustainable models in architecture and urban open spaces. For that reason, sustainable design is very important to the future of Iranian cities. By analyzing the sustainable and climatic features of the selected case studies, Fin Garden in Kashan and Dolatabad Garden in Yazd, this paper identifies ways to create green space for sustainable landscaping in similar climates. At the conclusion, the authors present guidelines and recommendations for sustainable landscape design.

Die Veränderungen in Gesellschaft und Klima fordern den Garten- und Landschaftsbau sowie die Landschaftsarchitektur immer wieder heraus. Die Ostschweizer Fachhochschule in Rapperswil (SG) nutzt ihre 50-jährigen Aussenanlagen als Freiraumlabor, um besser zu verstehen, wie Gärten als Chance für zukünftige attraktive Freiräume genutzt werden können. Der repräsentative Park am oberen Zürichsee ermöglicht Lehre, Forschung und Begegnungen mit der Bevölkerung direkt vor den Türen der Hochschule.

Open access at:
https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni4/libri/978-88-6969-563-6/

In 2020, the Osservatorio regionale del paesaggio of the Regione del Veneto (Landscape Observatory of the Veneto Region) promoted an international conference to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the European Landscape Convention adopted by the Committee of Ministers of Culture and Environment of the Council of Europe. Adopting an interdisciplinary and comparative approach, this volume collects the outputs of critical thinking about the impact and effects of the European Landscape Convention on the social, environmental, juridical, architectural, archaeological and managerial spheres, and presents a wide selection of theoretical and research essays, critical remarks and case studies.

Frugality is a core notion of sustainability, and responsible resource management should be prioritized in urban planning and landscape architecture. Low-budget strategies as a deliberate means of creating valuable, attractive, well-used, sociable public spaces are recognized by some influential designers using the "Light, cheap, quick" methodology. Unused spaces, just like objects and waste, can be creatively changed, reinvented with little resource input through a circular solution of upcycling. Case study methodology was predominantly used in the inquiry with three new parks, built after the year 2004, in Faro, Portugal. The study examined how the success rate and the current state of these public green areas correlates with the amount of financial resources invested in each of the projects. The case studies show key aspects in the building of the three spaces including: urban context, management and community participation. The success rate of a place is established based on user activity observations, user counts and questionnaires-conveyed amongst both experts and local residents. Results illustrate how low-budget strategies and limited use of funds and resources can be translated into a successful project of a public greenery. Comparative studies from Warsaw and Berlin further extend the discussion to the concept of upcycling as a sustainable solution for landscape architecture.

This paper will concentrate on the result of a research based on comparative study between two Persian gardens in different micro climates in arid regions. Sustainability could be observed in many aspects and elements of traditional Iranian architecture and landscape architecture, and this method of design has used to solve many problems for many centuries. Gardens of Iran have had special role to moderate hot and arid climate since many years ago and their design method is an appropriate strategy to create sustainable landscape in our today cities. In this research, the selected case studies are Hasht-Behesht garden in Isfahan, and Jahannama garden in Shiraz, located in two different areas in arid regions of central plateau of Iran. The research method adopted in this paper consists of descriptive-analytic and deductive analyses. By the analysis of sustainable and climatic features and characteristics of these cases, the main goal is to identify the parameters of creating green space for present and future sustainable landscaping with similar climates. Results confirm that the similarities and differences between these two gardens are because of the different microclimatic regions they are located in. At the conclusion part, the main characteristics of Persian gardens from sustainability view will be classified and recommendations for sustainable landscape design will be presented.

Predictions of rising sea levels and higher frequency storm events, coupled with habitat loss and ever rising costs of maintaining sea defences, managed realignment has become a tool to be used in conjunction with an array hard and soft engineering methods to protect coastal communities. But are coastal communities served well by
managed realignment? This literature review collates the sociocultural commentary from a wide base of literature to assemble the human perceptions, benefits, and costs of managed realignment projects into one study.
By documenting the published ecosystem services afforded by managed realignment to society an index of benefits and disbenefits are assembled showing that the benefit of managed realignment is nuanced depending on affected party, spatial scale, and impact level. The documented social perceptions of managed realignment case
studies are explored recording that lack of public understating of a changing coastal climate; mixed messaging from authorities; distrust in those authorities; feelings of injustice and impotence; and a loss of sense of place all combine into a generally negative sentiment for managed realignment. Suggested responses to such attitudes
are then composed into a list of four main recommended solutions to encourage community support for future managed realignment schemes: authorities to promote MR as a valid flood defence method; address local wants and needs from the outset; work with local community groups; and most importantly, ensure the public have
access to the MR site for it to become a public amenity.

The architectural structure of the Persian garden was created along with the evolution of Iranian culture and civilization over centuries, and it has been known as one of the ancient cultural heritages. Pasargadae was a garden city created by Cyrus, the great, in 6BCE. Studies on historical documents and excavations of archeologists in the ancient site of Pasargadae and its royal garden show that Pasargadae Garden is one of the first documented examples of gardening in Iran, and recognized as an archetype of Persian garden. Moreover, studies show that sustainability is one of the most important factors, which contributed to the Persian garden design. This paper aims to synopsize the sustainable characteristics of Pasargadae Garden as the oldest recognized type of Persian garden, based on its architectural layout, identified by archeologists' excavations and historical documents. To achieve this purpose, the research employs the interpretive-historical method to recognize the parameters and constituent elements of Pasargadae Garden, existing in the subsequent Persian gardens, and data are gathered from the relevant documents. By the study and analysis of sustainable characteristics of royal garden of Pasargadae, some information will be obtained which have an effective role in gaining the design principles of the subsequent gardens. Results show that the architecture of archetype of Persian garden corresponds to the parameters of environmental sustainability.

This paper is based on the work entitled “Rehabilitation and Valorisation of the traditional saltworks at the Reserva Natural do Sapal de Castro Marim e Vila Real de Santo António”. Its overarching goal was the rehabilitation of the traditional saltworks, which currently are mostly in abandonment. The overall planning and design goal focused on a multifunctional approach, through the reactivation of traditional saltworks, the conservation of natural and cultural values present, and the integration of economic activities found compatible with the present ecosystems. These could range from selected types of tourism (nature, scientific and cultural tourism), the use of halophyte plants for cosmetic purposes, and the creation of a spa, adding to the most valued product of these traditional saltworks – the delicatessen “flower of salt”. The adopted methodology for this study was based on the combination of the Sustainable Land Planning framework method (SLP) and a landscape architecture design approach. The methodological goal was to explore explicit links between different levels of analysis and intervention in the landscape. One specific objective was to elaborate a zoning plan, contemplating the various uses and activities proposed. A set of management guidelines are also suggested. Participative planning and design was implemented throughout the entire project, right from the beginning. This was most useful to the planning and design process. The most important issue identified in the study area is the lack of communication and cooperation between the people of Castro Marim and the traditional saltworks. Considering that all other conditions are set in place, this is the main obstacle to the success of the proposed plan.

Twenty years after the European Landscape Convention, considering the evolution of Italian law, the landscape plan of Regione Puglia’s is a case of interest for the implementation instruments adopted for governance of the territory. The focus of this paper is the area of the Archaeological Park of Egnazia, a major reference point of historical and cultural interest, along a charming section of coast. Along the interdisciplinary interpretation of this wide area, the second part of the contribution attempts to provide a synthesis of the philosophy and methodology behind the choice and adoption of the cognitive tools which technically and operatively inform the Landscape Plan. This plan holds together the requirements of the European conventions and the indications of the Italian Code, within a composite context. Finally, some considerations are presented on the meanings of landscape in Europe, at a time of the globalization crisis and climate change.

The development and design of ecological networks in the Brussels Metropolitan Region is hindered by the shortcomings of top-down planning and bottom-up initiatives.  One the one hand, technical planning instruments, such as the Regional Plan for Sustainable Development (RPSD) (2013) and the Regional Nature Plan (RNP) (2016) tend to reduce ‘ecological’ networks to autonomous ‘green’ frameworks, disconnected from daily practices of local communities living in the surrounding urban fabric. On the other hand, bottom-up initiatives such as urban agriculture are initiated and embedded locally​ but tend to lack visioning on a regional scale and explicit design imaginaries.  What is needed is an approach which combines the shortcomings and advantages of both. This paper takes the pilot projects of BoerenBruxselPaysans in the Neerpede valley as a starting point to discuss the potential of urban agriculture initiatives in the development of ecological networks. Our hypothesis is that these initiatives could actively contribute to a ‘landscape of practice’ on a regional scale, which is providing a way to deal with ecological networks on several levels: (1) as a way to embed the active production of landscape in local communities through work and leisure and (2) as an example of how new forms of design can accommodate and develop ecological infrastructures.

Traditional buildings across Nigeria’s geographical zones are known to have demonstrated a thorough response to the climate, local technology and socio-economic milieu in which they evolved. The origin of these different traditional building body associates with the natural materials availability to the local builders as well as religious belief, cultural and taboos. The advent of colonialism in Nigeria changed the traditional life and culture of Nigerian which creates a weak connection between traditional architecture and contemporary architecture in Nigeria. Most recent buildings designs across Hausa regions in Nigeria have been built with imported materials and the construction techniques tailored to satisfy the modernity self-ego and aspirations. Thus, traditional architecture ought not to be abandoned and forgotten, hence; experts’ awareness should be tailored to the understanding of its original essence. This paper through intensive literature review of documents, journals, bo...

In August of 2016, the town of Arquata del Tronto suffered an earthquake that produced important damages at the village and in the structure and integrity of the Medieval Rocca. This proposal aims a research of a method to regenerate the place by following three scales of intervention unified in landscape: architectural, urban and land art, with a long yellow draping, join Accumoli to Aquata. At an urban level the intention is to consider the old town of Arquata as an active actor in the process of its own reconstruction, through preventive covering and scaffolding, aiming at creating a collective discourse with the population during the reconstruction. The project balances between the strengthening and securing of the castle’s structure, while providing new perspectives within the space for the people to explore, a space that highlights local production and traditions.