Hydrogeology

The St. Lawrence Lowlands platform, Quebec, Canada, is a densely-populated area, heavily dependent on groundwater resources. In 1999, the Geological Survey of Canada initiated a large-scale hydrogeological assessment study over a 1,500 km2 region northwest of Montreal. The objectives were to define the regional groundwater flow, and to give quantitative estimates of the groundwater dynamic parameters and of the available groundwater resources. The applied approach consisted of defining the hydrogeologic framework, hydraulic properties of the aquifer units, and groundwater dynamic components. Lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks represent regional aquifer units. Coarse Quaternary fluvio-glacial sediments locally overlay the rock sequence and constitute an interface aquifer unit. Fine marine sediments confine most of the regional aquifers. Collected GIS based information was synthesized in a finite element numerical model. The regional saturated steady-state flow was calibrated under current stress conditions assuming an equivalent porous medium approach. Water budget calculations show that the total groundwater flow in regional aquifers amounts to 97.7 Mm3/y. Infiltration from precipitation provides 86.6% of the groundwater supply, while 9.6% comes from subsurface inflow and the remaining 3.8% is induced recharge from surface waters. Discharge from regional aquifers occurs through flow to streams (76.9%), groundwater withdrawal (18.4%), and underground outflow (4.7%). La plateforme Lowllands du Saint-Laurent, Québec, Canada, est une aire densément peuplée, dépendant grandement des ressources en eau souterraine. En 1999, le Service Géologique du Canada a initié une étude hydrogéologique à grande-échelle sur 1500 km2 au Nord-Ouest de Montréal. Le sobjectifs ont été de définir la dynamique de l’écoulement régional, et de donner des estimations quantitatives des paramètres dynamiques des ressources disponibles en eau souterraine. L’approche utilisée consista à définir le cadre hydrogéologique de travail, les propriétés hydrauliques des unités aquifères, et les composantes dynamiques des eaux souterraines. Les roches sédimentaires du Paléozoïque Inférieur représentent les unités aquifères régionales. Les sédiments marins fins confinent la plus grande partie des aquifères régionaux. Les informations de base, collectées dans un SIG, ont été synthétisées dans un modèle numérique aux éléments finis. L’écoulement permanent régional, en zone saturée, a été calibré en conditions de stress en assumant une approche de milieu poreu équivalent. Les calculs du bilan hydrologique montrent que l’écoulement total des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères régionaux atteind 97,7 Mm3/an. L’infiltration à partir des précipitations apporte 86.6% de l’eau souterraine exploitée; sachant que 9,6% proviennent d’écoulement de subsurfaces, et que les 3,8% restants proviennent de la recharge via les eaux de surface. Le débit pompé des aquifères régionaux apparaît à travers l’écoulement des cours d’eau, le rabattement des eaux souterraines (18.4%), et l’écoulement ascendant (4.7%). La plataforma de Tierras Bajas San Lorenzo, Quebec, Canadá, es un área densamente poblada que depende fuertemente de recursos de agua subterránea. En 1999 el Servicio Geológico de Canadá inició un estudio de evaluación hidrogeológica a gran escala sobre un área de 1,500 km2 en la región noroeste de Montreal. Los objetivos fueron definir el flujo regional de agua subterránea y aportar estimados cuantitativos de los parámetros dinámicos de agua subterráne y de los recursos disponibles de agua subterránea. El enfoque aplicado consistió en definir el marco hidrogeológico, propiedades hidráulicas de las unidades acuíferas, y los componentes dinámicos de agua subterránea. Rocas sedimentarias del Paleozoico Inferior representan unidades regionales de acuíferos. Sedimentos fluvio-glaciares Cuaternarios gruesos sobreyacen localmente la secuencia rocosa y constituyen una unidad acuífera interfacial. Sedimentos marinos finos confinan la mayoría de acuíferos regionales. Información colectada basada en SIG se sintetizó en un modelo numérico de elemento finito. El flujo regional saturado en régimen permanente se calibró bajo condiciones de stress asumiendo un enfoque de medio poroso equivalente. Los cálculos de balance hídrico muestran que el flujo total de agua subterránea en acuíferos regional alcanza 97.7 Mm3/año. Infiltración a partir de lluvia aporta el 86.6% del abastecimiento al agua subterránea, mientras que el 9.6% proviene de entradas subsuperficiales y el restante 3.8% consiste de recarga inducida a partir de aguas superficiales. La descarga proveniente de acuíferos regionales ocurre a través de flujo a ríos (76.9%), utilización de agua subterránea (18.4%), y salida subterránea (4.7%).

Shortage of clean and safe water resources in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, represents an extremely important factor in the stability and an integral element in its economic development and prosperity. Groundwater is the main source of water in Yemen, in addition to surface water. Demands for fresh water will continue to rise since the area of study witnesses continuous development and depends on the available local water resources. In addition to the shortage of the water resources, the water quality problems are more severe in the study area. Major, minor and trace elements were determined in fifteen water samples, collected from different resources including some dug and drilled wells. Results indicate that down stream the groundwater quality gradually deteriorate due to infiltration of poorly treated wastewater discharging from uncontrolled domestic and industrial wastewater. All the studied water samples are not suitable for drinking but some of them may be used for irrigation occasionally in very special circumstances. At the present time, the government and scientific organizations in Yemen pay more attention to face the water demand.

В рамках государственной программы по охране окружающей среды и рациональному использованию природных ресурсов на 2015-2017 годы по всей территории Республики Крым производится переоценка запасов подземных вод. В свою очередь, воссоединение Крыма с Российской Федерацией требует приведения эксплуатационных запасов подземных вод в соответствие с действующим законодательством. В связи с этим была проведена оценка современного состояния месторождений нераспределенного фонда недр (НФН) на территории Равнинного и частично Предгорного Крыма. Площадь работ охватывала центральную, западную и северо-восточную части территории Крымского полуострова.

In Zou catchment, the aquifers serving for drinking water supply are 80% fracture reservoirs. The current survey uses firstly images of the European satellite SENTINEL-1, Japanese PALSAR and American LANDSAT 8 to extract geological lineaments. Secondly, borehole data from the Water Resources Direction (DGRE) and geologic maps of OBEMINES have been used to characterize the fracture network aquifers. Filters like Gauss, Frost and Sobel is applied and it turns out that the main directions of the lineaments are N10, N60, N110, and N150. The classification of the borehole flow according to CIEH recommendation, reveals that the main direction’s lineaments and some neighbor classes such as N70, N90, and N170 are highly productive (more than 1320.86 gal.h-1). Whatever the geologic context, more than 85% of boreholes has very low to low flow (less than 660.43 gal.h-1). The rate of positive boreholes is 30% in basalt, granite, and rhyolite fractured aquifers and 40% in terrigenous deposit, quartzite and in Kandi fault’s mylonite. In spite of those low productivity values, the groundwater potential remains very useful for drinking water access in the Zou basin.

Das „ungehinderte Fließen“ von Grundwasser: Vor mehr als zwei Jahrzehnten griff Klemeš (1986) in einem sehr nachdenklich stimmenden, nichtsdestoweniger kurzweiligen und insgesamt lehrreichen Beitrag das Problem der Verbreitung hydrologischer Fehlkonzeptionen auf. Hauptursache waren seiner Einschätzung nach die mangelhafte universitäre Vorbildung und der überwiegend zufallsbestimmte Berufseinstieg der seinerzeit praktizierenden Hydrologen. Wie steht es damit im heutigen Deutschland?

Copyright 2009, Society of Petroleum Engineers This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2009 SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 19–21 October 2009. This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE ...

In drylands, groundwater is often the sole source of freshwater for industrial, domestic and agricultural uses, while concurrently supporting ecosystems. Many dryland aquifers are becoming depleted due to over-pumping and a lack of natural recharge, resulting in loss of storage and future water supplies, water-level declines that reduce access to freshwater, water quality problems, and, in extreme cases, geologic hazards. Conservation is often proposed as a strategy for managing groundwater to reduce or reverse the depletion, although there is a need to better understand its potential effectiveness and benefits at the local scale. This study assesses the impact of water-conservation planning strategies on groundwater resources in the Wadi El Natrun (WEN) area of northern Egypt. WEN has been subjected to groundwater depletion and quality degradation since the 1990s, attributed to agricultural and industrial groundwater usage. Initiatives have been proposed to increase the sustainabil...

End-member mixing models have been widely used to separate the different components of a hydrograph, but their effectiveness suffers from uncertainty in both the
identification of end-members and spatiotemporal variation in end-member concentrations. In this paper, we outline a procedure, based on the generalized likelihood uncertainty
estimation (GLUE) framework, to more inclusively evaluate uncertainty in mixing models than existing approaches. We apply this procedure, referred to as G-EMMA, to a yearlong
chemical data set from the heavily impacted agricultural Lissertocht catchment, Netherlands, and compare its results to the ‘‘traditional’’ end-member mixing analysis
(EMMA). While the traditional approach appears unable to adequately deal with the large spatial variation in one of the end-members, the G-EMMA procedure successfully
identified, with varying uncertainty, contributions of five different end-members to the stream. Our results suggest that the concentration distribution of ‘‘effective’’ end-members, that is, the flux-weighted input of an end-member to the stream, can differ markedly from
that inferred from sampling of water stored in the catchment. Results also show that the uncertainty arising from identifying the correct end-members may alter calculated end-member contributions by up to 30%, stressing the importance of including the identification
of end-members in the uncertainty assessment.

The Tuscany region of Italy is widely affected by subsidence, landslides and floods, which severely impact buildings and infrastructure. In particular, Firenze-Prato-Pistoia basin has a long experience of ground deformation related to groundwater withdrawal. European remote-sensing satellite (ERS) data collected since 1992 have revealed the presence of several subsiding areas in the basin such as the south-eastern portion of the city of Pistoia. Sentinel-1 persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) measurements for 2015–2018 confirmed the long-term subsidence of this area, associated with intense horticulture (plant nurseries). At the same time, Sentinel-1 data revealed the unexpected movement of Pistoia historic center, which has always been considered stable in the past. To identify the complex relationship between aquifer conditions and ground displacement, a hydrogeologic model of the Pistoia aquifers was developed, applying an integrated modelling procedure. Hydrodynamic-paramet...

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is widely used by hydrologists for appraisal of probable maximum flood (PMF) used for soil and water conservation structures, and design of dam spillways. The estimation of design storm for example depends on availability of rainfall quantities and their durations. Daily maximum multiannual series are one of the main inputs for design streamflow calculation. The study generated annual series of Daily maximum rainfall for fourty four stations by using statical approach such as Normal distribution, Log-Normal Distribution, Pearson type III distribution and Gumbel's Distribution .Results reveals that among the different statical approaches Log-Normal distribution fits the best compared to others. Isohyetal Maps of study area at different frequency are produced by using GIS tools, the maximum intensity varies from 2.5 mm/hr to 628 mm/hr.

Although the resources of geothermal energy in Ukraine greatly exceed domestic conventional energy sources, using geothermal heat in the country is still far behind the existing opportunities. Addressing this gap requires a large-scale pre-feasibility assessment with proper account for hydrogeological and economic factors to facilitate identifying the most promising areas of the country for efficient use of geothermal energy. One of the well-known technologies in this field is a geothermal well system (GWS) that combines pumping out thermal waters, extracting heat on the ground, and reinjecting cooled water back to the aquifer. In this study, we created the maps of expected thermal output and profitability of the doublet GWS across Ukraine for minimum and maximum values of depth and flow rate of thermal waters applying analytical methods of heat transfer in saturated rocks in combination with the net present value (NPV) as a generally accepted economic criterion. Map analysis showed that the GWS maximum expected thermal output might reach 5–9 MW in the Black Sea coastal area and steppe Crimea at the flow rate exceeding 1500 m3/day and aquifer depth of 2 km and more. The NPV index is positive for the most part of Ukraine and increases up to 7–17 million € in southern regions of the  country. Calculating performance parameters for two potential GWS sites showed a higher thermal output for a GWS in the Black Sea coastal area compared to the site in Transcarpathia but comparable NPV for both sites due to lower installation costs in the western part of the country.

The relatively rapid recession of glaciers in the Himalayas and formation of moraine dammed glacial lakes (MDGLs) in the recent past have increased the risk of glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF) in the countries of Nepal and Bhutan and in the mountainous territory of Sikkim in India. As a product of climate change and global warming, such a risk has not only raised the level of threats to the habitation and infrastructure of the region, but has also contributed to the worsening of the balance of the unique ecosystem that exists in this domain that sustains several of the highest mountain peaks of the world. This study attempts to present an up to date mapping of the MDGLs in the central and eastern Himalayan regions using remote sensing data, with an objective to analyse their surface area variations with time from 1990 through 2015, disaggregated over six episodes. The study also includes the evaluation for susceptibility of MDGLs to GLOF with the least criteria decision analysis (LCDA). Forty two major MDGLs, each having a lake surface area greater than 0.2 km 2 , that were identified in the Himalayan ranges of Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim, have been categorized according to their surface area expansion rates in space and time. The lakes have been identified as located within the elevation range of 3800 m and 6800 m above mean sea level (a msl). With a total surface area of 37.9 km 2 , these MDGLs as a whole were observed to have expanded by an astonishing 43.6% in area over the 25 year period of this study. A factor is introduced to numerically sort the lakes in terms of their relative yearly expansion rates, based on their interpretation of their surface area extents from satellite imageries. Verification of predicted GLOF events in the past using this factor with the limited field data as reported in literature indicates that the present analysis may be considered a sufficiently reliable and rapid technique for assessing the potential bursting susceptibility of the MDGLs. The analysis also indicates that, as of now, there are eight MDGLs in the region which appear to be in highly vulnerable states and have high chances in causing potential GLOF events anytime in the recent future.

A numerical groundwater model of the Nubian Aquifer System was established to prove the influence of rising seawater levels on the groundwater salinity in northern Egypt over the last 140,000 years. In addition, the impact of a groundwater recharge scenario for these 140,000 years, involving climatic change, on the saltwater/freshwater interface was investigated. Saltwater intrusion induced by rising water levels of the Mediterranean Sea led to salinisation from the Mediterranean Sea to the Qattara depression. This modeling approach was supported by a density-driven model setup and calculation. The modelled saltwater/freshwater interfaces partially fitted the observed ones, especially in the southern half of the Qattara depression. In other parts of the northern Nubian Aquifer System, the ingression of salt water was modelled adequately, but in the west, small regions of the measured interface were not. The development in the Qattara depression (Egypt) and Sirte basin (Libya) were investigated in more detail. The different behaviour in the Sirte basin may be due to high evapotranspiration rates in some former periods, salt solutions from the pre-Quaternary layers or saltwater infiltration from sabkha-like recent salt-bearing sediments. On a établi un modèle numérique du Système Aquifère Nubien pour prouver l’influence de l’augmentation des niveaux marins sur la salinité de la nappe du Nord de l’Egypte durant les 140,000 dernières années. De plus, on a étudié l’incidence du réchauffement climatique sur la recharge et sur l’interface eau saline–eau douce durant ces 140,000 années. Une intrusion d’eau salée induite par l’augmentation du niveau de la Mer Méditerranée a conduit à la salinisation de la dépression Qattara. Cette approche modélisée a été basée sur la densité et le calcul. Les interfaces eau salée–eau douce modélisées correspondent en partie aux interfaces observées, particulièrement dans la motié Sud de la dépression Qattara. Au Nord, dans d’autres parties du Système Aquifère Lybien, l’intrusion salée a été modélisée de façon satisfaisante, ce qui n’est pas le cas dans des zones restreintes de l’Ouest. Les intrusions dans la dépression Qattara (Egypte) et dans le bassin Syrte (Lybie) ont été étudiées de façon plus détaillée. La situation différente dans le bassin Syrte peut résulter de taux élevés d’évapotranspiration durant des périodes antérieures, d’infiltrations de solutions salées provenant de dépôts pré-quaternaires, ou de sédiments salifères récents semblables aux sebkas. Zur Einschätzung des Einflusses des ansteigenden Meeresspiegels auf die Grundwasserversalzung in Nord-Ägypten wurde ein numerisches Grundwassermodell für die vergangenen 140,000 Jahre erstellt. Zusätzlich wurde ein Szenario der Grundwasserneubildung für diesen Zeitraum untersucht. Die Intrusion von Salzwasser, die durch den Meeresspiegelanstieg hervorgerufen wurde, führte zu einer Versalzung vom Mittelmeer bis zur Qattara-Senke. Im Modellansatz wurde die Dichte-gekoppelte Strömung beim Modellaufbau und der Berechnung berücksichtigt. Die modellierte Salz–Süßwasser-Grenze entsprach dem beobachteten Verlauf besonders in der Südhälfte der Qattara-Senke. In anderen Teilen des nördlichen Nubischen Aquifer Systems konnte diese Linie ebenfalls adäquat wiedergegeben werden, mit Ausnahme des Westens. Die Entwicklungen in der Qattara-Senke (Ägypten) und im Sirte-Becken (Libyen) wurden im Detail untersucht. Die Unterschiede im Sirte-Becken können auf eine zeitweise höhere Evapotranspiration, Salzauslaugungen präquartärer Schichten oder Salzwasserintrusionen von Sabkha-ähnlichen salzhaltigen Sedimenten zurückgeführt werden. El efecto de la subida del nivel del mar sobre la salinización del agua subterránea en el norte de Egipto en el curso de los últimos 140,000 años fué simulado mediante un modelo numérico. Esta simulación contempló efectos de la recarga del agua subterránea en este período así como efectos de densidad. Los resultados indican que la intrusión de agua salada causada por el cambio del nivel del mar lleva a una intrusión salina hacia el sur hasta la depresión de Qattara y coinciden muy bien con el límite observado en el sur de la depresión. Con exepción de la zona oeste, el modelo reprodujo con suficiente exactitud los límites entre aguas salinas y dulces en otras partes del Sistema Acuífero Nubian. Las diferencias entre lo observado y la simulación en la Cuenca Sirte posiblemente puede atribuirse a tasas elevadas de evapotranspiración en períodos anteriores, a soluciones salinas provenientes de capas pre – cuaternarias o a infiltración de agua salada desde sedimentos salinos recientes parecidos a playas. 为证实140,000年以来海面上升对埃及北部地下水盐度的影响, 本文建立了Nubian含水层系统的地下水数值模型。本文还研究了140,000年以来, 包含气候变化因素的一种地下水补给情景模式对盐水-淡水界面的效应。地中海水面升高所诱发的盐水入侵导致了自地中海至Qattara凹陷一带盐化的发生。模拟得到密度流模型计算的支持。模拟的盐水-淡水界面部分与观测结果相吻合, 特别是在Qattara凹陷的南半部。在Nubian含水层系统北部的其它部分, 对盐水入侵的模拟恰当, 但在西部, 与��些小区域的测量结果不符。对Qattara凹陷 (埃及) 和Sirte盆地 (利比亚) 。Sirte盆地表现的不同行为可能是由于过去某些时期的高蒸发速率、来自前第四系地层的盐溶液的加入或现今类萨布卡环境下含盐沉积中盐水的渗入。 Foi criado um modelo hidrogeológico numérico do Sistema Aquífero Nubiano para provar a influência que teve a subida do nível do mar na salinidade da água subterrânea no norte do Egipto ao longo dos últimos 140,000 anos. Adicionalmente, foi investigado o impacte na interface água doce-água salgada de um cenário de recarga para estes 140,000 anos que inclui alterações climáticas. A intrusão salina induzida pela subida do nível do Mar Mediterrâneo conduziu à salinização desde o Mar Mediterrâneo até à depressão de Qattara. Esta abordagem por modelação apoiou-se num modelo de densidade variável e em cálculo. As interfaces água doce-água salgada modelizadas coincidem parcialmente com as observadas, especialmente na metade sul da depressão de Qattara. Noutras partes do norte do Sistema Aquífero Nubiano, a entrada da água salgada foi satisfatoriamente modelizada, mas não a oeste, em pequenas regiões onde a interface foi localizada. Foi investigado em maior detalhe o desenvolvimento na depressão de Qattara (Egipto) e na bacia de Sirte (Líbia). O diferente comportamento na bacia de Sirte poderá dever-se a mais elevadas taxas de evapotranspiração em alguns períodos anteriores, a soluções salinas provenientes das camadas pré-Quaternárias ou à infiltração de água marinha a partir de sedimentos salinos recentes do tipo sabkha. تم إنشاء نموذج رقمى للمياه الجوفية لنظام الخزان الجوفى النوبي لإثبات تأثير ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر على ملوحة المياه الجوفية في شمال مصر على مدى ال 140,000 سنة الماضية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، تم بحث سيناريو أثر التغذية للمياه الجوفية، متضمنة تغير المناخ، فى هذه الفترة على حدود المياه المالحة بالمياه العذبة. تداخل المياه المالحة الناجمة عن إرتفاع منسوب المياه في البحر الأبيض المتوسط أدت إلى إرتفاع نسبة الملوحة من البحر المتوسط إلى منخفض القطارة. هذا النموذج تم دعمه بتصور و حسابات مرتكزة بدورها على الكثافة. أسطح أو حدود المياه المالحة والمياه العذبة المحسوبة بالنموذج تطابقت جزئيا مع تلك الأسطح الملاحظة ، وخاصة في النصف الجنوبي من منخفض القطارة. في أجزاء أخرى من شمال نظام الخزان الجوفى النوبي ، تم نمذجة تداخل المياه المالحة بشكل واف، ولكن ذلك لم يتم بشكل كاف فى مناطق صغيرة فى الغرب. بمزيد من التفصيل، تمت دراسة التطور في منخفض القطارة (مصر) وحوض سرت (ليبيا). السلوك المختلف في حوض سرت قد يكون نتيجة لإرتفاع معدلات التبخر في بعض الفترات السابقة ، أو ذوبان الأملاح لطبقات ما قبل الرباعي أو توغل المياه المالحة من السبخة ، مثل الرواسب الحديثة الحاملة للأملاح.

Correlations are presented to compute the mutual solubilities of CO2 and chloride brines at temperatures 12–300°C, pressures 1–600 bar (0.1–60 MPa), and salinities 0–6 m NaCl. The formulation is computationally efficient and primarily intended for numerical simulations of CO2-water flow in carbon sequestration and geothermal studies. The phase-partitioning model relies on experimental data from literature for phase partitioning between CO2 and NaCl brines, and extends the previously published correlations to higher temperatures. The model relies on activity coefficients for the H2O-rich (aqueous) phase and fugacity coefficients for the CO2-rich phase. Activity coefficients are treated using a Margules expression for CO2 in pure water, and a Pitzer expression for salting-out effects. Fugacity coefficients are computed using a modified Redlich–Kwong equation of state and mixing rules that incorporate asymmetric binary interaction parameters. Parameters for the calculation of activity and fugacity coefficients were fitted to published solubility data over the P–T range of interest. In doing so, mutual solubilities and gas-phase volumetric data are typically reproduced within the scatter of the available data. An example of multiphase flow simulation implementing the mutual solubility model is presented for the case of a hypothetical, enhanced geothermal system where CO2 is used as the heat extraction fluid. In this simulation, dry supercritical CO2 at 20°C is injected into a 200°C hot-water reservoir. Results show that the injected CO2 displaces the formation water relatively quickly, but that the produced CO2 contains significant water for long periods of time. The amount of water in the CO2 could have implications for reactivity with reservoir rocks and engineered materials.

The paper is based on 237 chemical analysis of groundwater, where the determination of magnesium origin in groundwatersof northeastern Bosnia were performed. The determination of magnesium origin in groundwaterswere carried through on the basis of Mandel & Shiftan classification. Based on the results, a distribution map of Mg 2+ ions in groundwaters in northeastern Bosnia were drafted.

Hydrogeochemical study was carried out in Veerapandy block located near Salem in Tamil Nadu, India with an objective of
understanding the suitability oflocal groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. Fifteen representative groundwater samples rvere
collected during February,2ol3 and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Groundwater in this area was assessed tbr
irrigation purposes on the basis of Sodium percentage (Na 7o), Magnesium hazard (MH), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC,.
SodiumAbsorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI) and WILCOX, GIBBS and USSL classifications. Most of the grounds ater
samples were suitable for irrigation, except in a few locations (l5Vo) based on Magnesium hazard .

Dear researchers, Geoscience and the progress of technology can be put to the service of the environment for the improvement of human living conditions. In this context, the Laboratory of Geodynamics and Natural Resources (LGRN), Department of Geology, The Second Edition of Doctoral Days (2EJD), to be held on January 14 & 15, 2019 at the Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi University Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco. Research Ph.D. students will then have the opportunity to disseminate their research and share their experiences with other researchers. This edition will cover a wide range of topics in the fields of Geoscience and Natural Resources. Researchers who want to participate in the event Email: lgrn.doctoriales@gmail.com We look forward to meeting you at the Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz.

With this depletion in the groundwater table, there has been an overuse of water in the aquifers. Hence, in order to study the subsurface geology of the area and in order to investigate the aquifer presence in the area, we selected 8 points namely S1 to S8 for Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES1 to VES8 respectively). Using this method, resistivity data was collected, interpreted and aquifer strata were explored which is the main aim here. Schlumberger electrode configuration was used here. IGIS DDR3 DC resistivity meter was used to carry out the exploration in Chapabandi mouza, Durgapur, District Burdwan, West Bengal having lateral extension of 600m (AB). Hence the penetration depth of current was nearly 160-170m. It was established that a deeper claysand stratum exists comprising of medium to fine grained sand at points S2, S4and S7 where drilling up to 150-160m was recommended.