Community Relations

How do we describe a community? This report aims to explore not what community is in an abstract sense, but what it means to people living in our London neighbourhood. This report is part of a six-month Community Listening Project conducted by the Hurtado Jesuit Centre. Community means many different thing to different people. We have tried not to define it ourselves, rather to allow people to define and to talk about what community means to them. In total we conducted 24 extended interviews with community members. In addition we conducted two group interviews: one with residents of a short- term accommodation hostel and one with stakeholders of a community services organisation. We begin with a description of the shape of community in Tower Hamlets and Wapping. Then we explore how people experience community on a daily basis, what makes them feel welcome or unwelcome. After listening to these stories, we turn to descriptions of good and effective community work, illustrated by cases of projects that are working well. Next we examine gaps in community services that people highlighted. We then describe what community means to us at the Hurtado Centre, and conclude the report with some suggestions on a way forward in building stronger local communities. In each section we have tried to give space for people to speak. Each section closes with some questions that may aid reflection for your own community work. Whatever community is, it is valuable. The value of community is hard to quantify, but we can agree that is essential for a good life and a healthy society.

Abstract
Oil companies and community relations in Nigeria is particular to the oil-producing areas in Nigeria, which is the Niger Delta region. In Delta State, Warri precisely oil was discovered in 1997. MNOC's (multinational oil companies), were allowed to continue their oil operations under an agreement called the JOA (Joint operating agreement). This agreement helps clarify all the stakes of the companies and government in Nigeria. The Niger Delta, the leading oil and gas producing areas of Nigeria, has been described as one of the world's most extensive wetlands, and indeed the largest in Africa. However, problems challenge the operational activities of these oil companies. They range from the political type of the issues with links to the suggestive contradiction between the revenues generated from both the offshore and onshore income.
Moreover, accrued slated by the government bodies against the activists representing the host communities. Community relations is the way an organization relates to its publics and stakeholders to promote a cordial and sustainable relationship that will breed room for further connections. Organizations, especially oil companies, need to partake in community relations activities that will have a positive impact to have the neighbour of choice relationship. This relationship will ensure that operations carried out by these companies run smooth and fair, with little to no conflict situations.

"O artigo de Deborah Bronz abre a terceira e última parte, intitulada “Estado e grandes empreendimentos”. Por meio da análise dos manuais que orientam as ações dos funcionários no relacionamento com os grupos sociais afetados pelos empreendimentos em que atuam, a categoria comunidade ganha relevo e complexidade no argumento da autora. Ao desvendar de maneira brilhante como as práticas empresariais constituem a “comunidade” como um sujeito homogêneo e territorializado, a autora apresenta ao leitor o Modelo de Relacionamento com a Comunidade enquanto um dispositivo voltado para a gestão e minimização de conflitos e impactos para a empresa, produzindo assim a comunidade como um sujeito em posição subordinada, ou seja, aquele que precisa de ajuda." (Carla C. Teixeira, Andrea Lobo, Luiz Eduardo Abreu)

This study examined the use of public relations by the Lagos State Government in sensitizing its residents on the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak. Four questions were raised and answered to determine the extent to which public relations serves as a veritable platform for health communication. Descriptive survey design was adopted. A Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a population of 400 respondents across four selected Local Governments Areas (Eti-Osa, Ikorodu, Ikeja, Ojo). An interview was also conducted with the Public relations Department of the Lagos State Ministry of Health to uncover the intricacies of the campaign.
The findings revealed a 72% awareness level about the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). About 82% attributed their knowledge about EVD to their exposure to various public relations tools employed by Lagos State Government. Also, 84% commended positively the way the campaign was handled is commendable. The findings also revealed that the public relations tools of press conference, newsletter, and press releases were used for the campaign.  Therefore, it was recommended that public relations be adopted in health communication and indeed all government communication efforts. Also, when employing Public relations in health communication, care should be taken to ensure that only trained Public relations executives are engaged to handle health communication matters.  Also recommended, is that, Governments, especially African leaders should be proactive in providing adequate information during of health emergencies, furthermore, adequate research should be carried out before any Public relations activity is carried out. Finally the study also recommended that governments should constantly engage their citizens and update them regularly on their activities so as prevent and forestall breakdown of law and order in the society.

This edited volume brings together cutting-edge studies from emerging scholars of East/Southeast Asia who explore the role of mobile media in the contemporary transformation of the region’s social intimacies, from the romantic to the familial to the communal. By providing a regional and transnational overview of such studies, it affords new insights into how these mobile technologies have contributed to the rise of ‘glocal intimacies’. This pertains to the normalisation and intensification of how people’s relationships of closeness are entangled in the ever-shifting and constantly negotiated flows between global modernity and local everyday life. In providing case studies of mobile media and glocal intimacies, the chapters in the volume attend to a broad range of countries that include China, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam, and Taiwan. This illustrates the differing ways in which mobile media might be embedded in the region’s divergent articulations of social intimacies, which reflect the ongoing tensions between Western and Asian imaginaries of modernity. The chapters also discuss a wide array of mobile media that people use, from social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram, to messaging apps like KakaoTalk and WhatsApp, to dating apps like Tinder and Blued. This allows for a mapping out of the different levels of impact that mobile media might have on social intimacies in a region that contains some of the most technologically advanced as well as the most technologically behind societies in the world. In summary, this book allows readers to take a comparative approach to understanding the complexity of the glocal intimacies that are emerging from the ways people in Asia use mobile media to reconfigure their local ties and to enact global relationships. This volume will benefit students, academics, and researchers who are keen in media and communication, cultural studies, sociology, anthropology, and Asian studies.

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

Community relations processes are cardinal to the success of oil companies' operations. It must be carefully and collectively selected to ensure successful engagement and dialogue with host communities. Using questionnaire and in-depth interviews, the study revealed that Shell Company's failure to select appropriate community relations strategies lead to the hostile relationship with the Ogoni people who felt exploited believing that the company could not do enough to leverage them from extreme poverty, economic hardship and environmental pollution occasioned by their activities. The study suggests appropriate community relations strategies that can be used to address needs of the host communities.

In area Mediterranea, esistono progettualità che fanno coesistere la circular economy con aspirazioni etiche di egualitarismo. In queste realtà, la pratica del riuso trascende il solo aspetto produttivo e assurge a mezzo per rivalutare anche le potenziali abilità delle persone in condizioni di vulnerabilità. All’interno di una più ampia riflessione teorica sull’etica del progetto, l’inclusione sociale e la cultura della diversità, questo breve contributo è volto a indagare e, dunque, portare a conoscenza casi emergenti che potranno essere presi come modelli per celebrare nuove forme di manifattura, circolari, mutue e popolari.

In the Mediterranean area, there are projects that make the circular economy coexist with ethical aspirations of egalitarianism. In these realities, the practice of reuse transcends only the productive aspect and becomes a way to re-evaluate the potential skills of people in vulnerable conditions. Within a wider theoretical reflection about the ethics of the project, social inclusion and culture of diversity, this short contribution aims to investigate and, therefore, bring to light emerging cases that can be taken as models to celebrate new forms of manufacturing, circular, mutual and popular.

N.37 aprile – maggio – giugno 2022
Trimestrale di Architettura, Tecnologia e Ambiente.
Cartaceo ISSN 2532-1218
Digitale ISSN 2384-9029

The effectiveness of community relations strategies can only be achieved when the management recognizes ways its organization can have a good relationship with the local community and the extent of reciprocal independence which will help to establish social balance. This study was aimed at assessing community relations strategies for promoting harmony between organizations and their host communities: A study of Peace Mass Transit Limited, Nsukka. The researcher adopted the survey method, using a questionnaire to collect data from 384 respondents. Residents of the Nsukka Local Government Area constituted the population of the study. For this research study multi-stage sampling techniques – cluster, simple random, quota, and convenient sampling techniques were used to select respondents for the research. Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study was anchored on three theories – social relations theory, multi-step/opinion leadership theory, and stakeholder theory. Findings from the study revealed the community relations strategies employed by Peace Mass Transit Limited are effective to an average level but challenges are facing the strategies that need to be solved. The study recommended that Peace Mass Transit Limited should as a matter of necessity work closely with their host communities to identify their core needs via the release of corporate social welfare packages.

ABSTRACT Because governmental structures put in place to mitigate disaster risks and aid communities in the disaster recovery process have, at times, proven to be inadequate, reliance on other types of organizations is necessary for some communities to survive. Although there are a number of different actors that played a role in the reestablishment of communities within New Orleans since Hurricane Katrina took place, the Mary Queen of Vietnam (MQVN) Catholic Church is a prime example of how a community-based organization stepped in to address the needs of its community. This article examines how MQVN garnered social capital within its surrounding community to pursue successful community development in the absence of and opposition to governmental support and political resistance. This article will first review the government failure and decrease in civic trust that fostered a robust third-sector response in disaster recovery and redevelopment. Then, using social capital theory, the article supports the notion that civic distrust and confidence is derived from government and institutional performance, rather than increasing individualism or declining social trust. Finally, implications for federal disaster policy and third-sector disaster interventions are proposed.

A company is required not only provide jobs and pay taxes, but also must be able to be a good neighbor with a reciprocal relationship with the community, as well as play a role in improving the welfare of the community through various community development programs. Relationship between the company and the community then opened the activity of corporate social responsibility. Sustainability of the company relationship can be influenced by how the company manages its social responsibility to the communities where it operates and build a good communication to them. So that, the community relations activities are part of the public relations activities. This research which entitled "Community Relations Stage in CSR activity of Environmental Conservation" (Descriptive Qualitative Study of CSR Activity of PT Djarum in environment conservation on Mount Muria, Kudus) discuss about the Defining the

While religious groups have recurrently approached the state and its institutions to rationalize their acts and selves, government taking recourse to referee religious concerns has had a long history. The colonial state in India was replete with specimens of the intermix of seemingly incompatible elements of the religious and the secular, in this case, religion and the legal network, avowedly one of modern state’s key secular institutions. In the qasbah town of Amroha where in 1895 a dispute occurred between Shia and Sunni Muslims about the wording of azan (call to prayer), both sides lined up with petitions and memoranda to win over a verdict on their side. The British authorities played it well, to their own advantages and whims. Similarly, over a communal strife between some Muslims and Parsis of Bombay in 1874, a series of letters to newspapers invoked the British sense of justice and fairness. While ‘a lover of peace’ sought strict actions against the perpetrators of violence, a certain ‘superior race’ pledged their loyalty and law-abiding nature. Several arrests were made as a follow up but charges could not be proved against a large number of the captives. Disputes and lawlessness thus became an arena for the government to play a role in determining what was right or wrong and who could have the final word where laws and rulings, not scriptures, determined the course of religious destinies and identities. This essay explores the intermediary nature and significant interventions of the state in handling the tumultuous relationship between religion and law, rendering them even more volatile.

This is a graduate, hybrid course designed for managers of government and nonprofit organizations.  We used a combination of online asynchronous and synchronous sessions in addition to four face to face sessions over an eight week semester.

Caught between the well armed imaginations of paramilitary organisations competing for the hearts and minds of a divided population, and State engineering of a liberal peace, civil society‟s impact on Northern Ireland‟s identity politics was limited during the thirty-year conflict. Specifically, the community and voluntary sector itself has tended to reproduce as much as it challenged patterns of segregation in many of its own structures. With plans set out in the Northern Ireland Executive‟s Programme for Government (2008-2011) to engage civil society in opening a new era of „good relations‟ work to counter sectarianism and racism, civil society organisations will face a complex terrain, facing scepticism about their contribution to peace making before the Good Friday Agreement, and working in a post-Agreement environment marked by elite and communal antagonism. In this article, I want to suggest that civil society has a new role to play in encouraging communities to confront the contradictions and tensions that continue to haunt the political architects of the Good Friday Agreement by affirming the dominant identities while embracing a radical vision of democracy as democratisation. I will draw on the work of Simon Critchley, Emmanuel Lévinas and Wendy Brown, to offer an approach to identity politics in post-conflict Northern Ireland, focusing on the future orientation of civil society.

Modul ini memberikan pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang arti penting pengelolaan hubungan antara organisasi/perusahaan dengan komunitasnya sebagai salah satu lini fungsi public relations, yang salah satu manifestasi kegiatannya adalah program Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Komunitas merupakan stakeholder penting yang turut menjamin keberlangsungan hidup perusahaan melalui social license to operate. Kesadaran komunitas yang semakin menguat akan hak-haknya menjadikan masyarakat semakin kritis. Perkembangan teknologi informasi saat ini menjadikan perusahaan dengan komunitas semakin tidak berjarak, apabila terjadi konflik di antara kedua entitas tersebut maka potensi meluasnya isu atau konflik semakin besar, begitu pula dampaknya.

Hubungan yang harmonis antara komunitas dengan perusahaan perlu dijaga karena akan mendatangkan keuntungan baik bagi perusahaan maupun bagi komunitas (mutual beneficial relationship). Bagi perusahaan, hubungan komunitas yang baik akan dapat membantu perusahaan untuk berkontribusi bagi greater good, melibatkan komunitas untuk berperan serta dalam menjaga fasilitas dan mendukung aktivitas, dan pada akhirnya meningkatkan reputasi perusahaan. Bagi masyarakat, program hubungan komunitas ini dapat membantu masyarakat dalam mengatasi permasalahan sosial yang terjadi dan juga dapat membantu masyarakat untuk dapat berdaya.

Modul ini diarahkan agar mahasiswa mampu memahami pengertian komunitas, mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis kepentingan-kepentingan dan harapan-harapan komunitas, dan menyusun perencanaan strategis hubungan komunitas. Untuk dapat mencapai target tersebut, matakuliah ini diselenggarakan dengan mengaplikasikan sejumlah metode pembelajaran, baik dalam bentuk ceramah, diskusi, maupun praktikum.

Each organization is observed and judged by the communities nationally as well as globally nowadays. One can say that especially after the rise of globalization as organizations grow and become more international, the constitution of the public they reach to and communities they operate in became multicultural as well as more demanding for the positive contribution into the community development. The level of influence on the decisions taken and goals each organization pursues does not only focus on the profit anymore but more on the corporate social responsibility, on expectations that are faced and how to foster a positive image as well as on how to serve diverse communities.
As can be seen already, we are becoming more technologically advanced and more interconnected; therefore, the 21st century is outstanding with the increase of public involvement in any within and beyond the state’s activities. Moreover, due to the technological advancements and the rise of media communication the private and public sectors become more sensitive to the voices of groups and individuals. It is possible to say that an approval, recognition, and reputation nowadays is more dependent on the international community and societies themselves than the states and policy-makers.
The Community relations is as never before in the priority list of each actor and it puts a bigger pressure on organizations to develop the stable reputation and constant contribution to the Community it operates in and to the global civil society overall. Therefore, each organization’s public relations professionals that deal with community relations have a critical role to play. In
     
Sofya Khlebnikova Course: Public Relations and Persuasion
addition, there are community relations’ responsibilities and objectives that each Public Relations Expert should be aware of. Moreover, there are challenges as well as rewards that a community relations expert faces.
Community relations is a complex and emotional sphere, where public relations professionals are faced with the need to make the organization’s image as community-friendly and caring as it required.

While US und Australian universities typically practice community relations systematically and often with their own staffs, in most European countries and especially in Germany a sound practical or academic discussion of community relations of universities did not even start until recently.

"The foreigner has usually been labelled as the other. Nadeem Aslam (Gujranwala, 1966) proposes a reversal of this in his novel Maps for Lost Lovers (2004). Set in an unnamed English town (or rather an unnamed town in English), Dasht-e-Tanhaii and the close-knit Pakistani community that live there become the focus of the novel. In addition, the English landscape is exoticised by including constant references to species from the Subcontinent. Therefore, the reader is immersed in a setting in which the weather is the only reminder of England.
The aim of this paper is to show how Aslam relates otherness to the native, so that the English are seen as the other. In fact, this subversive movement responds to the diasporic subject’s perception of England as a hostile environment. In addition, white England’s absence points out the fact that the cultural differences are two-way so that the white English are unjustly accused, reflecting the situation in which Pakistani migrants are usually placed.
Furthermore, the novel also portrays the little existing interaction between the migrant community and the rest of the society. Thus, references to the white world will be scarce but of a high significance. Special attention will be paid to Kaukab, the mother figure in the protagonist family who still reproduces the colonial discourse in which she perceives herself as inferior to white women but she still concentrates her efforts on concealing it."

This article assesses monetary and non-monetary benefits from the Bimbia-Bonadikombo community forest in the Mt. Cameroon region, South West Cameroon. The assessment is carried out through a financial audit of revenues and expenditures of the Bimbia-Bonadikombo Natural Resources Management Council which manages the community forest, and through semi-structured interviews of community forest users, waged employees, and local elites involved in managing the community forest. The article finds that monetary benefits from the community forest is meagre, but this has not discouraged a group of elites motivated by a desire for land control from taking an active interest in managing the community forest. This article contributes to an understanding of non-monetary incentives behind the establishment of community forests. The article uses its findings to draw the attention of advocates for the inclusion of community forestry in climate change mitigation programmes, to not only focus on the financial benefits of such programmes, but to also vigorously promote the non-monetary benefits of such programmes, especially the possible resolution of communal land tenure issues.

This study examined the conceptualization of the postmodern public relations practitioner as an organizational activist who contributes to democratic processes in the context of community relations and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in India. Elite, in-depth conversations with 19 senior executives at 16 companies in India well known for their CSR initiatives revealed that practitioners appeared to be both organizational activists and agents. As organizational activists, they acknowledged the existence of diverse voices in local communities, interjected these voices into management discourse, situated decision-making in local contexts, identified tensors in the relationship between the corporation and its publics, and negotiated new meanings through dissensus. Paradoxically, as organizational agents, they used these participatory, open processes of dialogic communication to shape public opinion in favour of the organization, feeding modern organizations’ proclivity for consensus. While the findings of the study support the postmodern conceptualization of the public relations practitioner as an organizational activist in the context of CSR and community relations, the agent aspect of the activist-agent dialectic problematizes and complicates this conceptualization thus enhancing understandings of the postmodern practitioner who enacts CSR within a modernist framework and navigates the intricacies of the activist-agent dialectic in their daily performance of building community relations and enabling democratic processes.

This article evaluates the effect of cultural beliefs on the effective utilization of immunization on childhood killer diseases among parents living in some remote areas in Kuje Area Council in FCT. Relevant cultural factors hindering effective utilization of immunization were discovered; likewise, Universal immunization of children against six preventable diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles) is crucial to diminish childhood mortality and morbidity across the world. Improving access to and utilization of routine immunization services are the best option for the prevention and control of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD). The expanded program on immunization (EPI) was launched in 1994 as a global program for controlling and reducing death from vaccine-preventable diseases. A recent report from the world health organisation (WHO) revealed that the number of children under one year of age who did not receive the diphtheriatetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP3) worldwide was estimated to be 21.8 million in 2013 compared to 22.8 million in 2012. Three hundred and eighty-four (384) questionnaires were administered to parents using the house to house strategy in the Kuje community. Of those surveyed, (30.2%) had basic education, and the level of illiteracy could have contributed greatly to noncompliance. (80.2%) believed that only immunization can protect children against childhood killer diseases, while (19.8%) disagreed. (32.0%) believed that immunization could lead to HIV infection, (30.5%) of the respondents assumed that immunization causes a child to be sterile and (20.6%) agreed that immunization is forbidden by God, while (16.9%) believed that it causes some mental, spiritual, and physical deformity in children.

Abstract While companies practice community relations since many years, European and especially German universities in many cases don't address their stakeholders in the neighbourhood systematically. In contrast, universities in the United States typically have own ...

Community Relations is one indispensable factor for growth and development especially in a fast changing society like Nigeria- As fracas between institutions of learning and their host communities has become a reoccurring trend in Nigeria, it is imperative to adopt community relations in order to not just enjoy a mutual relationship but to boost academic growth and development. This paper examines, using literature study as a method, the importance of community relation in strengthening academic growth and development in Nigeria. The paper concludes that if properly harnessed, community relation would certainly enhance the performance of institutions in Nigeria

Dans cet article j'essaye de montrer les liens entre la tradition conservatrice hindou et son avatar actuel le Hindutva, les interets du capitalisme indien et le liberalisme, et le développement du ùo,de du travail en Inde. L'argument implique aussi un lien entre le politique liberaliste et l'aggravation des conflits intercommunautaires.

As COVID-19 ravages the United States, calls to police for COVID-related concerns are proliferating. This article asks what happens when a contagious and novel disease creates a context wherein neighbours recognise each other – by sight and by sound – as strangers. Marking the twentieth anniversary of Strange Encounters, we revisit Sara Ahmed’s claim that recognition in embodied encounters produces strangers as figures who are internal to community formation, but who remain outside of an imagined community. This claim enables us to parse the relational dynamics in pandemic time that produce neighbours as strangers through both visual and sonic registers. Ahmed’s theory helps to identify how disease opens opportunities to fracture and retract familiarity in ways that intensify police power and often racialised feelings of ‘stranger danger,’ in effect reordering neighbourly relations.

According to Article 7 (1) of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 169,  indigenous people have the right to participate in the formulation of developmental programmes which may affect them directly. Further, oil and gas production does not only threaten the health and environment of local communities  but  the livelihoods they depend on.  Subsequently, most of the Oil and Gas companies have been involved in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) projects especially in the six coastal districts of the Western region which are most affected by their operations. This article evaluates the CSR practices and recommends that oil companies should build a mutually beneficial relationship with local communities base on continual dialogue, transparency and community-driven investments.

Par Gitte Haslebo et Maja-Loua Haslebo.

Dans les organisations, les événements sont imprévisibles et peuvent conduire à la honte, à des violations de la personnalité, à la détérioration des relations et à de mauvais résultats. Les managers, les employés et les consultants sont à la recherche d’idées qui peuvent les aider à gérer les situations complexes de façon moralement respectueuse. Au travers de neuf récits d’histoires vécues, les auteures illustrent comment ces derniers peuvent s’inspirer des concepts-clefs du constructionnisme social et de l’éthique relationnelle. Elles présentent et développent cinq obligations morales de base de l’éthique relationnelle : la responsabilité sociale, l’obligation dialogique, la responsabilité partagée du positionnement, l’investigation sur la valeur de la communauté du travail, l’obligation d’interagir en agents moralement responsables.