Colonialism and Imperialism

Not-guilty verdicts, mistrials, and impunity for the Bundy family and many of their supporters in the armed confrontations over public land use in Nevada and Oregon. Expanded access for private oil, gas, mining, and logging industries and the downsizing of national monuments such as Bears Ears lead by Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke. A number of highly contentious debates and sensationalized events have again focused attention on land held in the public domain by the United States. This essay argues that federal land policy as a form of colonial administration has been constitutive for the logic of expectation as property in what is now the United States. From the state land cessions negotiated on behalf of the Articles of Confederation to the preemption acts (1830–1841) to the homestead acts (1862–1916) to present-day demands for land transfer, the acquisition and disposal of the so-called public domain have been central to westward colonization, the consolidation of the nation-state, and the promise of land ownership as the ostensible foundation of individual liberty. These dynamics are evident in contemporary conflicts over public lands and arguments for the transfer of public lands to either state or private ownership. Approaching the Bundy occupations as flashpoints that illuminate competing interpretations and claims to land within the history of westward colonization, this essay seeks to demonstrate the ways in which expectation emerges from particular economies of dispossession of indigenous peoples that have historically worked through and across the division of public and private property.

Federally-recognized tribes must adapt to many ecological challenges arising from climate change, from the effects of glacier retreat on the habitats of culturally significant species to how sea level rise forces human communities to relocate. The governmental and social institutions supporting tribes in adapting to climate change are often constrained by political obstructions, raising concerns about justice. Beyond typical uses of justice, which call attention to violations of formal rights or to considerations about the degree to which some populations may have caused anthropogenic climate change, a justice framework should guide how leaders, scientists and professionals of all heritages and who work with or for federally-recognized tribes understand what actions are morally essential for supporting tribes’ adaptation efforts. This paper motivates a shift to a forward-looking framework of justice. The framework situates justice within the systems of responsibilities that matter to tribes and many others, which range from webs of inter-species relationships to government-to-government partnerships. Justice is achieved when these systems of responsibilities operate in ways that support the continued flourishing of tribal communities.

"Guavas for Dummies, American Jíbaras, & Postnational Autonomy: When I Was Puerto Rican in the Hemispheric Turn" (2019) re-engages this text after I taught it in Puerto Rico four years. In this 2009 essay, Santiago’s memoir is said to bridge U.S. and Caribbean lit. WIWPR begins with a remembered Puerto Rico, and ends in the author’s adulthood in the USA. Studying Santiago’s text within a trajectory of immigrant narratives familiarizes the text to readers who are often processing their own entries into the US / its cultural orbit. This essay examines Santiago’s representation of jibaros, a subculture whose place in in Puerto Rico parallels the conflicted relationship many Jamaicans have with Rastafarians. Also, the theme of “Translating and Resisting Imperialism” is developed through a close reading of the chapter “The American Invasion of MacÚn.” Santiago’s treatment of gender roles in her family is also explored.

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH: Egypto-Levantine relations have varied from the Neolithic through Persian periods, ranging from overland and maritime commerce, diplomatic missions, emigrants, imperial expansion, and alliances, while at other times Asiatics have traded, raided, pastured their flocks, infiltrated, taken refuge in, served as mercenaries, and sometimes controlled parts of Egypt.  Although fluctuations occur in the intensity of contact, in general interactions have increased over time, with local adoptions and emulations of different aspects of each culture: language, literature, religion, art, and artifacts.

For Puerto Ricans, World War I provided the opportunity to test and challenge the linkages between military service, manhood, citizenship and decolonization.  During the war Puerto Rican political leaders, elected officials, and opinion makers sought to advance the socio-economic and political standing of their communities by demanding access to, and encouraging participation in the U.S. military.  In particular, Puerto Rican elites were interested in mobilizing the Puerto Rican peasantry thinking that training would transform them into modern men worthy of self-determination in the eyes of the metropolis.

No presente artigo analisamos o processo de ocidentalização da América Latina como herança do processo neocolonial que, por meio de discursos do Ocidente, perpetua a relação entre colonizador e colonizado. Assim, com base na literatura especializada sobre o assunto, procedemos ao levantamento de dados acadêmicos para compreender como o Ocidente que, ao rejeitar os padrões de civilização dos povos latino-americanos, consolida o processo de ocidentalização dessa região, por meio do discurso sobre a modernidade

"Europe and the Islamic World sheds much-needed light on the shared roots of Islamic and Western cultures and on the richness of their inextricably intertwined histories, refuting once and for all the misguided notion of a "clash of civilizations" between the Muslim world and Europe. In this landmark book, three eminent historians bring to life the complex and tumultuous relations between Genoans and Tunisians, Alexandrians and the people of Constantinople, Catalans and Maghrebis--the myriad groups and individuals whose stories reflect the common cultural, intellectual, and religious heritage of Europe and Islam. Since the seventh century, when the armies of Constantinople and Medina fought for control of Syria and Palestine, there has been ongoing contact between the Muslim world and the West. This sweeping history vividly recounts the wars and the crusades, the alliances and diplomacy, commerce and the slave trade, technology transfers, and the intellectual and artistic exchanges. Here readers are given an unparalleled introduction to key periods and events, including the Muslim conquests, the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the commercial revolution of the medieval Mediterranean, the intellectual and cultural achievements of Muslim Spain, the crusades and Spanish reconquest, the rise of the Ottomans and their conquest of a third of Europe, European colonization and decolonization, and the challenges and promise of this entwined legacy today. As provocative as it is groundbreaking, this book describes this shared history in all its richness and diversity, revealing how ongoing encounters between Europe and Islam have profoundly shaped both."

This volume examines the role of charity in empire formations from a diachronic and transregional perspective. It focuses upon the beliefs, discourses, and practices of charity that developed within Christianity and the roles they played in the West’s imperial projects, from the first global empires that emerged from the Iberian Peninsula in the sixteenth century to projects of philanthro-imperialism in modern China. This volume exposes the complex religious, economic, political, and cultural roles that charity has played in imperial projects and increases our consciousness of the ways it continues to shape global politics. It shines light on the way in which governing bodies, institutions, and individuals have instrumentalised charity to achieve a range of strategic functions whilst shaping the narrative and image of their power. Viewing empire through the lens of charity also provides the opportunity to bring not only the rich but also the poor into focus and to explore the ways they have been active subjects negotiating for a range of material and immaterial resources in imperial contexts.

Fiscal history is a booming field of research that shines a new light on colonial state formation, the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized and the political economy of colonialism in Africa. The fiscal history of colonial Africa has been interpreted on different levels: local, colonial, imperial and global. This case study on colonial taxation in the Congo Basin emphasizes the importance of an additional historical layer. I argue that trans-colonial and trans-imperial connections are essential to take into account in order to fully understand the fiscal histories of the Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo, and the French Congo. The two Congos continuously had to adjust their customs policies to fiscal decision-making across the border.

The Pacific Muse offers a fresh perspective on a seductively familiar topic: the colonial stereotype of the exotic Pacific island woman. By tracing the evolution of female primitivism from Western antiquity to twentieth-century Hollywood images, the book sheds new light on our understanding of how and why this ideal has persisted and the major role it has played in the colonization of Pacific peoples.

While examining colonial culture in its many manifestations, from art, literature, and film to the journals of explorers and missionaries, O'Brien rereads not only the canonical texts of Pacific imperialism, but also lesser-known remnants of this cultural heritage with an eye to what they reveal about gender, sexuality, race, and femininity. Over its long history - from the famous (and much romanticized) settlement of Tahitian women and mutineers from the Bounty on Pitcairn Island in 1789 to the South Seas romantic tradition, Gauguin, and beach culture - notions of female primitivism changed in response to the ideological watersheds of Christianity, Enlightenment science, and race theories, as well as the development of democratic nation-states, modernity, and colonialism. The Pacific Muse shows the continuities and differences in representing colonized women across geographical regions and historical epochs and highlights the importance of sexualization and feminization in imperial enterprises.

Including 37 illustrations of Pacific women from early etchings by shipboard artists to recent photographs, this panoramic view of gendered Pacific history is enlightening reading for cultural anthropologists, women's and gender studies scholars, and historians of colonialism and the Pacific.

Significant variation in the institutions and efficiency of public bureaucracies across countries and regions are observed. These differences could be partially responsible for divergence in the effectiveness of policy implementation, corruption levels, and economic development. Do imperial legacies contribute to the observed variation in the organization of public administrations? Historical foreign rule and colonization have been shown to have lasting effects on legal systems, political institutions, and trade in former controlled territories. Imperial legacies could also explain variations in the performance of public administrations. The author uses the case of Poland to investigate the long-term effects of foreign rule on bureaucratic systems. Historically, Poland was split between three imperial powers with very different public administrations: Prussia, Austria, and Russia. Statistical analyses of original data collected through a survey of more than 650 Polish public administrations suggest that some present-day differences in the organization and efficiency of bureaucracies are due to imperial legacies.

The article attempts a comprehensive review of the human security concept in order to question its utility for both research and policy-making. It notes the term’s interdisciplinary and extensively normative content that have facilitated its evolution into a successful security discourse. On the other hand, human security’s wide appeal has as a side-effect an extended conceptual polysemy inhibiting the cumulation of knowledge and the development of a relevant theory. Absence of conceptual clarity has also complicated its policy implementation. The article attempts to break the deadlock and move the debate forward by using the work of John Gerring and Paul A. Barresi on concept formation as an organizing device.

Charlotte Lennox (c.1729-1804) was an eighteenth-century London author whose most celebrated novel, The Female Quixote (1752), is just one of eighteen works published over forty-three years. Her stories of independent women influenced Jane Austen, especially in her novels Northanger Abbey and Sense and Sensibility.

This biography places Lennox in the context of intellectual and cultural history and focuses on her role as a central figure in the professionalization of authorship in England. Lennox, who lived in America as a young person, participated in the most important literary and social discussions of her time, including debates concerning female authorship, the elevation of Shakespeare to national poet, and the role of periodicals as didactic texts for an increasingly literate population. Lennox also contributed to making Greek drama available for English-language audiences and pioneered the serialization of novels in magazines. Carlile’s work is the first biographical treatment to consider a new cache of correspondence released in the 1970s and reveals how Lennox was part of an ambitious and progressive literary and social movement.
https://utorontopress.com/ca/charlotte-lennox-2

The writings of key Marxist thinkers and revolutionary processes are examined with focus on their understanding of the relation between anti-imperialism and socialism. As a result of the class structures associated with imperialist domination, and the deficiencies within approaches that emphasize the need of a capitalist development stage prior to socialist transition, the analysis points toward the feasibility and strategic superiority of moving directly from direct or indirect imperialist domination into the transition to socialism.

O presente artigo aborda os modos de representação
e circulação de fotografias de populações negras nos anos iniciais da expansão colonialista europeia, entre o final do século
XIX e início do século XX. Com base em cartes de visite e especialmente cartões-postais com imagens de africanos, afro-caribenhos e afro-brasileiros, o texto propõe uma abordagem transnacional acerca dos modos como os cânones visuais e produções
de sentido oriundos da cultura visual/racial do colonialismo
europeu foram reproduzidos nas fotografias comerciais do período

A brief editor's notice of the Swahili translation of F.X. Lwamgira’s Amakuru ga Kiziba na Abakama Bamu (1949), the English translation of which (The History of Kiziba and its Kings) is reviewed by Nico Brice-Bennett in Tanzanian Affairs 130 (2021). The notice goes on to mention other books.

This article explores theoretical alternatives to contemporary western hegemonic feminist discourses, advancing methodologies that mark an epistemological break with western feminist scholarship; namely Orientalist criticism, third world (black) feminism, and Islamic feminism with all the innovative methodologies and insights they offer into studying and understanding the condition and reception of women in the material and immaterial culture of the Arab/ Islamic experience.

American exceptionalism claim that the United States has exceptional status in the international area and has different characteristics from other states in terms of its historical, geographical, national richness, and religion. According to that view, the U.S. has exclusive and best qualifications from the point of democracy, economic liberalism, and social structure in the world. These are mostly acceptable, but the main point is that the United States provided these welfare conditions to their people with the dark side of its American exceptionalist understanding. Indeed, the U.S. had gained a chance to apply its superiority, global leadership, and the exceptionalist strategy to the world after the World Wars and abolishment of the Soviet Union. These developments ensured the opportunity to increase the United States’ activities in all around the world thanks to the development of its economy and technology as well. However, the U.S. needed the kind of ideology to justify its economic, ideologic, military, and cultural invasion of the world, which will be provided by the American exceptionalist ideas.

These poems, composed in Somali and in English, provide a poetic reflection of the recently emerged debate on the theme of Caddaan Studies which means "White Studies". The criticism and counter-criticism contained in the debate dug so deep into life nerve of Somali Studies that over a thousand people participated. The poems, under the title "Inaugurating Caddaan Studies" were composed with a critical observation of the debate.

first research paper for HIS200- The Empire Strikes Back: Imperialism and Colonialism in Modern History (Murdoch University)

Contrast the two different views of modern Western imperialism contained in the arguments given by Robert Marks and Niall Ferguson (Reading for Week 1)

This paper compares and contrasts the different views of Modern Western Imperialism outlined in the introductory chapters of Robert Mark's The Origins of the Modern World and  Niall Ferguson's Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power.

Na početku rada objašnjen je pojam transatlantske trgovine robljem, kao i uzroci porobljavanja ljudi crne rase. U ostatku rada govori se o početku trgovine, uključenju Portugala, Španjolske, Nizozemske, Engleske i Francuske u trgovanje robljem te o povezivanju s kolonijama u Sjevernoj i Južnoj Americi. Objašnjeno je i pitanje uloge afričkih kraljevstava u sudjelovanju u trgovini. Slijedi poglavlje o uvjetima prijevoza robova, a posljednja se poglavlja bave razlozima i tijekom ukidanja trgovine robljem te posljedicama te trgovine.

Late colonial efforts to articulate witchcraft and herbalism intervened in the precolonial categories of practice through which East Africans differentiated healing (uganga) and harming (uchawi). Taking these interventions as critical points in the genealogy of traditional medicine in Tanzania enables an account of how and why plants have become central to contemporary debates over indigenous knowledge. Developing, promoting, and protecting traditional medicine today requires articulating the properties of plants elucidated by science with the properties of ownership prescribed by modern law. This essay traces the practices of knowing and unknowing that forged traditional medicine in Tanzania and their role in constituting the terms, objects, and institutions through which struggles for justice have been imagined. I argue that the dynamism of traditional medicine as a modern category of knowledge and practice lay in its ability to solve (first colonial and then postcolonial) problems of knowledge and politics simultaneously. Twenty-first-century Tanzanian scientists, healers, herbal producers, policy makers, and patients grapple with these colonial legacies. Yet, traditional medicine has never fully captured the wide range of practices that strive to catalyze growth, fullness, maturation, extension, strength, and fertility. Healing remains unruly, and the friction this creates holds open the possibility of generating alternative forms of the therapeutic value of plants and rendering visible the ongoing forms of (dis)possession that shape notions of justice in late liberalism.

This project is focused on reconcentración (literally, “reconcentration”), a phenomenon that has traditionally been neglected despite its crucial relevance for the understanding of mass violence in modern conflicts. This devastating counter-insurgency strategy, first implemented by the Spanish colonial authorities in nineteenth-century Cuba, usually involved three essential elements:
Erection of fortified cordons sanitaires (internal blockades, blockhouse lines, barbed-wire, ...)
Indiscriminate relocation and confinement of non-combatant population in militarised enclaves.
Adoption of a large-scale scorched-earth policy (confiscations, crop destruction, farm-burning, ...)
Frequently referred as the ultimate origin of the modern concept of concentration camp, a similar model has been replicated in many other contexts during the twentieth century. In all these cases, such as South Africa, the Philippines, Libya, Algeria, British Malaya or South Vietnam, the (mainly rural) civilian population became the target of a ruthless military response intended to eliminate, once and for all, any possible support to the local guerrilla groups. Sadly, some of these episodes resulted in tens of thousands of victims, most of the times caused by starvation, poor sanitation and the spread of infectious diseases. Only in Cuba, for instance, more than 150,000 reconcentrados are said to have died as a consequence of these measures, whilst probably over 45,000 Boer and African inmates perished at the 'refugee' camps in South Africa.
Despite some recent efforts to understand the changes in military mentality during the nineteenth century and the conceptual interconnections between these early forms of mass confinement, there still exists a lack of a proper debate and knowledge exchange among doctoral students and researchers working on these topics from disciplines such as History, Archaeology and Anthropology, War Studies, Memory and Post-Conflict Studies, Cultural Heritage Management and Literary Studies.