Bioclimatic Architecture

1Departamento de Arquitetura, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Fone: (043) 371-4535, Fax: (043) 371-4082, CP 6001, Londrina-Paraná, Brazil. 2Departamento de Construção Civil, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Fone: (043) 371-4455, Fax:(043) 371-4082, CP ...

2003 yılından bu yana faaliyetlerini başarıyla sürdüren İnorma, günümüzde sektörün öncü firmaları arasında yer almaktadır. Birinci sınıf kalitede ürünleri, avantajlı fiyatları ve yüksek müşteri memnuniyeti oranı, İnorma'nın başlıca özellikleridir. Müşterilerine en iyi pergola ve tente sistemlerini sunan firma ile iletişim kurmak için, 0216 349 37 38 ya da 0532 722 23 25 numaralı telefonları arayabilirsiniz. Telefon üzerinden pergola, tente, cam sistemleri ve diğer çözümler hakkında en detaylı bilgileri alabileceksiniz. Pergola sistemleri arıyorsanız, bu konuda sizlere önerebileceğimiz en iyi şirket, hiç şüphesiz İnorma şirketidir. Buradan birinci sınıf kalitede pergola sistemleri temin etmeniz mümkün olabilir. Dış mekanlarda, sizi ya da müşterilerinizi yağmurdan ve kötü hava koşullarından en iyi şekilde koruyacak pergola çözümlerini, İnorma üretir. İnorma, çok sayıda farklı tente sistemini müşterilerine takdim eder. Buradan; körüklü tenteler, mafsallı tenteler, çift taraflı tenteler ve çok daha fazlasını satın almanız mümkün olabilir. İhtiyacınız tente sistemleri ise, siz de hiç vakit kaybetmeden İnorma yetkilileriyle irtibata geçiniz. Otomatik kapılar, zip perde modelleri, çeşit çeşit cam sistemleri ve çok daha fazlasını yine İnorma vasıtasıyla temin edebileceksiniz.

The rural landscape is characterized by constructions, that have one or two floors. They are made using the “fratticcio”
and/or “graticcio” technique. The constructions were used as houses or stables, haylofts or shelters and they represented
a typical building typology and a social life organization form. This construction technique was already described in the
last Italian Conference on Ethnoarchaeology (May 2006). This technique could be compared to the one used during the
archaeological excavations in S. Giulia in Brescia, where some huts were found. They were half-timbered huts made with
branch-frame walls, which were not similar to structures of the Roman era, or to local rural constructions.
These buildings are now outdated and are likely to disappear, however, if some of the technologies are still used in
contemporary bioclimatic architecture, for example the bamboo reed surface of the public housing designed by the FOA
(Foreign Office Architects) for Madrid’s suburbs (built in 2007). The knowledge of this traditional building art should be
kept alive and not be lost; as these constructions could still be useful in dealing with some architectural problems.
Unfortunately however their use is dying out even in Sora where they originated.

We used Building Performance Simulation (BPS) with EnergyPlus / DesignBuilder to do a systematic parametric analysis of two relevant cases and study the effect of different climatic contributors to the indoor microclimate. The case analysed is based on Baumschlager-Eberle 22/26 , an office building in Lustenau, Austria [6], and a rather extreme example of design optimization for cold climate, where the conventional HVAC system has been replaced by a set of passive strategies combined with sensors and automated control of window opening and lighting system. The availability of detailed measurements on-site made it possible to calibrate the model to resemble reality more accurately. The same model was used for two different locations with slightly different type of cold climate, in order to see how it would respond to diverse conditions. For the original location at Lustenau, the weather file was obtained by interpolation from Meteonorm [7], while the one for Oslo was taken from the EnergyPlus site [8], corresponding to the weather station at Fornebu. The simulations were carried out in different steps of complexity for the internal loads, in order to quantify changes in indoor microclimate for each one of them. In this way, it was done first for the empty building, to obtain the effect of the envelope alone. Next was added the occupancy, then the equipment and finally the lighting system (with response to occupancy, minimum illuminance levels 400 lux). The indoor temperatures obtained from the simulations were then presented in two different ways. In relation to time (figures 3,6), to show seasonal and daily fluctuations, the amplitude of its variations and the proximity to the targeted comfort range of 22-26°C. In relation to humidity, on the Psychrometric chart, to reflect the total scattering of climatic values, thermal comfort zones for summer and winter with the percentage of hours of discomfort, and potential for extending these comfort zones using passive strategies (figures 4,7). Mean temperature of coldest month in Oslo,-3.8°C, 17.5°C for the hottest, cold humid continental climate with cool summer, Dfb in Köppen-Geiger scale [9]. ASHRAE climate zone 6A [10], 4428 HDD (18°C). With a higher latitude than Lustenau, the sun is lower on the horizon (figure 5). Solar gains through windows will warm up interior surfaces and increase indoor temperatures. Fewer hours of sun in winter and more in summer, which could accentuate overheating risk in warm seasons and not provide so much heat in cold ones, when most needed. Fig.6, thermal stability created by the envelope, though staying below comfort in a similar way as in Lustenau. Time lag. Overheating with all thermal gains, though less than in Lustenau. Fig.7, envelope buffering extreme values and internal gains increasing amplitude of climatic points. Average temperature of-0.6°C for the coldest and 19.6°C for the hottest month, climate classification Cfb, cold-temperate humid continental with warm summers, in Köppen-Geiger scale [9]. 2980 HDD (18°C) annually, ASHRAE climate zone 4A (borderline with 5A) [10]. Fig. 3, thermal stability created by the envelope thanks to a combination of high insulation levels and thermal mass, though temperatures are too low throughout the year. Time lag in thermal response to outdoor conditions. After addition of all internal loads, important overheating problem, reaching more than 50 °C. Fig.4, cumulative psychrometric charts clearly showing the effect of the envelope in grouping climatic points into fewer/tighter values, though all on heating side of comfort zone. Then more scattering, the more gains we include. At the same time, indoor climate becomes warmer, with important overheating after adding lighting gains. References Building Bioclimatic Design (BBCD) understands architecture as a filter between outdoor climate and indoor comfort, exploiting available climatic resources before adding any HVAC system. In cold climates, it would suggest compact shapes and extremely airtight and insulating envelopes, to minimize heat losses while maximizing solar heat gains. However, with high internal gains, these measures might cause overheating problems in warm seasons. The aim of this study is to explore how theories and tools for BBCD could be applied to cold climate office buildings to improve their energy efficiency and comfort. We used Building Performance Simulation analysis of relevant cases with EnergyPlus (with DesignBuilder) to help drawing suggestions on how to adapt the Building Bioclimatic Chart (BBCC) for its application to cold climate office buildings in practice. This tool is used in pre-design phase to determine passive strategies for climate adaptation and control, informing the design as early as possible. This study can contribute to the development of zero emission neighbourhoods in cold climates, by improving the energy efficiency of their buildings. Additionally, it complements existing research in BBCD by extending its application to cold climates and office buildings. Abstract Comparing the psychrometric charts for outdoor and indoor climate (figures 2/4 and 5/7), it becomes clear the relevance of considering the effect of envelope and internal gains, for office buildings in cold climates. After including the envelope, indoor climatic points show a much lower variability and amplitude of temperatures (combined effect of insulation and thermal mass). Once all internal gains are included, climatic values appear to be very spread again, with high amplitude in temperature and humidity, and severe overheating. On temporal temperature distribution (figures 3 and 6), it is easy to appreciate the effect of the envelope in restricting thermal variability in indoor climate. Also time lag in seasonal variations, with delay in warmer period, allowing non-coincidence between peak in solar gains and in outdoor temperatures, to soften their effect indoors. Thanks to stabilizing effect of envelope, daily fluctuations in outdoor climate do not have much effect indoors, while changes in occupation become very relevant. Cumulative effect of internal gains during working days, as well as cooling effect of empty nights and weekends, even more for summer holidays. Operational schedule for internal gains appears as important as their thermal load. The most challenging aspect in Building Bioclimatic Design is the uncertainty generated due to occupancy (density, distribution), complexity of physical environment and climate (daily and seasonal variability, climate change). Even so, despite uncertainties and difficulties, it is important to acknowledge and utilise the potential within BBCD.

5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Throughout the development of the museums architecture, despite many advances and achievements of this architectural typology, there has been a gap between architecture and the museums environment. The microclimate that is created within a museum building, in particular in existing buildings, usually does not favor collections conservation. In Brazil most of museums are installed in historical buildings and the studies about the building influence in microclimate inside de museum are just beginning. The building is a passive agent of conservation but the architectural projects developed in traditional museums have not taken the performance of the building into account. It’s necessary to develop in Brazil more embracing and updated databases on temperature, humidity, lighting and others parameters to improve those projects. The application of bioclimatic strategies and environmental indicators in existing buildings can drive the internal microclimate in the direction of the preventive conservation needs, and the intentional creation of microclimate can harmonize museum architecture and museum collection, frequently thought as independent beings in Brazil.

A partir de 1998 los coordinadores del presente libro iniciaron recorridos por todo el estado para identificar la arquitectura tradicional de origen popular, en donde según la perspectiva del momento, su reconocimiento ayudaría a entender lo que habría ocurrido en el siglo XVIII, época en que se situaba el objeto de es-tudio de nuestras respectivas tesis de doctorado. Lo primero que se intentó fue una catalogación de lo encon-trado, su localización geográfica y una clasificación de tecnologías. Pero en el transcurso de estos recorridos e intentos de organiza-ción, iban surgiendo muchas preguntas; algunas las podíamos con-testar con nuevos hallazgos, pero otras permanecían sin respuesta. Entre los temas que nos planteamos para el presente libro desta-can: los esquemas, las soluciones, las técnicas, el lenguaje formal, etcétera, así como la interrogante ¿pueden explicarse más por fac-tores naturales o por cuestiones culturales? Esta nos llevó a plan-tear en un proyecto del Programa de Mejoramiento del Profesora-do de la Subsecretaria de Educación Superior la posibilidad de rea-lizar alguna estancia académica que nos permitiera dar respuesta. Las visitas se realizaron y se tomó nota de los aspectos ob-servados, se discutieron reportes y conclusiones. En 2008 se plan-teó la posibilidad de que los reportes y otros trabajos se conjunta-ran en un libro que recogiera estos resultados y los de otros estu

Access to site-based energy resources is a pre-requisite for natural lighting, solar heating, and natural ventilation in buildings. This paper describes design methods and proposals developed for the City of Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA, to simultaneously address access to daylight, solar radiation and wind for as many buildings as possible in the urban core. The study area is the entire downtown district. Results include specific design proposals as part of the city’s Downtown Plan along with portable design patterns that may be employed in other cities. The organization of buildings, streets and open spaces in higher density areas can either preserve or block access to sun, wind, and light resources. I developed a composite technique, ‘Climatic Envelopes,’ which regulates the shape of buildings on a block or site for the purpose of protecting access to both daylight from the sky and direct radiation from sun. It combines the ‘Daylight Envelope’ with the ‘Solar Envelope’. This technique was applied to the existing pattern of blocks and buildings in the downtown core. Results show that existing buildings were not designed to consider other sites’ rights to light and sun. My team developed building configurations that satisfy the criteria for composite climatic envelopes and follow several design patterns for daylighting, while maximizing development potential. The resulting calculated floor area ratio for the proposed pattern was twice the existing density. The team developed proposals for modifications to cool the city by creating additional shade, channeling winds to bring ventilation to more buildings, and working withthe existing topography, resulting in a ‘Downtown Cooling Plan.’
Keywords: daylight access, daylight envelope, solar access, solar envelope,passive solar heating, urban design, climatic envelope, passive cooling, urbancooling, urban microclimate

Different climates of different regions do not provide the required appropriate climatic conditions to ensure thermal comfort all year long. The goal to be pursued is to achieve the best interaction between climate, building and user behaviour. Bioclimatic buildings exploit climate in order to offer their occupants the most appropriate comfortable conditions. Especially, variations in hours of sunshine, in temperature, and rainfall of a particular climate signify establishing various strategies according to seasonal differences of a particular region. In wintertime assembling most of solar gain, and protecting the users from the cold (heating) is important. In summer; occupants/users need more protection from the sun (cooling). Thus, bioclimatic buildings reside in tune with these natural rhythms through consulting the most of natural lighting. This paper is aimed to enable architects to rediscover the principles of bioclimatic architecture and the modern technical and architectural...

The environment we live in for decades shape up our tradition and culture, these are reflected in our songs and dances, decisions and actions, and even in our arts and architecture. However strong foreign influences are the imprint of culture and tradition and this has clearly made confusion and turmoil in our architecture and way of living. (Bulaong, 2002) Architecture apparently is at a process of change, trying to ape western models that somehow have a different kind of architecture than we do, thus the context in which how they should be modeled have also been altered and somehow forgotten during the planning stage. 
Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the rise on the technological inventions has introduced a new lifestyle to all people that dwell upon technology. Some of these technologies are used to help compensate for the design errors in our buildings that have not been designed in accordance to our natural climate; this has caused the increasing rate of environmental degradation to our natural environment. With the increasing concern for the environmental impacts of buildings and the quality of their internal environments, this has raised the debate on the role architects to pay attention in the environmental design of buildings.
Designing Buildings by optimizing all the passive-mode design strategies and in low-energy design (lesser use on non-renewable sources) is called Bioclimatic Design. It aims at providing thermal and visual comfort through modification strategies (bioclimatic chart) of the local climate and makes use of the natural energy sources available (sun, air, wind, vegetation and water). It is vital to adopt this approach in order to reduce the negative consequences of our buildings.
Even The development of Hotel buildings has been accompanied by an increasing interest in the application of sustainability to the building sector. The study focuses on an environmentally sustainable hotel building design. It will consider a range of completed and proposed projects of Dr. Ken Yeang, the father of bioclimatic skyscrapers, who has examined throughout the years of research with this bioclimatic approach. Moreover, the proponent will examine on particular the theories and strategies related to this approach based on the passive mode approach from other architectural authors. 
Keywords: Sustainability, Environmental design, Bioclimatic design, thermal comfort, visual comfort

Our team was asked by the Chattanooga Downtown Planning and Design Studio to study how the downtown plan could be environmentally sound. We were charged with articulating the issues, framing the problems, looking for larger integrative patterns, and proposing innovative solutions for an ecologically healthy downtown. The objective was to find practical ways for natural systems and urban development to reinforce each other.

We make six main recommendations that are necessary to fully take advantage of our integrated approach.

1  An Integral Development Framework
2  A Green Infrastructure Network
3  An Integrated Water Network
4  A Green Neighborhoods Program
5  A Green Buildings Program
6  A Green Policy Framework

Extreme  cold  conditions  in  the  Peruvian  highland  region  generate  recurring problems that affect the health and economy of the local population. The limited thermal performance of the dwellings above 4200 meters above sea level, added to  a  subsistence  economy  and  the  necessary  dispersion  in  the  territory,  due  to their livestock activity, aggravates the situation of vulnerability of the population. Within  the  framework  of  a  technology  transfer  project  for  the  thermal  and constructive  improvement  of  the  high  Andean  house,  a  bioclimatic  and  seismic resistant  prototype  in  the  town  of  Orduña, Puno,  Peru,  was  designed, built and validated,  together  with  the  local  population.  This  document  focuses  on  the passive bioclimatic strategies implemented in the prototype, demonstrating that it  is  possible  to  obtain  thermal  comfort  in  these  extreme  conditions  from  the almost exclusive use of local and natural materials.

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 1: Planteamiento de la investigación" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

La propuesta nace sobre la base de constituirse en una “primera aproximación al tema” y, tiene como propósitos, en relación con el tema planteado expresar algunas consideraciones e ilustrar sobre proyectos y obras internacionales y nacionales.
Se muestra a través de algunos “casos” sucintas reflexiones sobre lo que se puede considerar como arquitectura bioclimática, principios que rigen el diseño de las casas bioclimáticas y un apartado especial para lo que es la adecuación de viviendas de interés social.
Además, se reúnen ejemplos de viviendas proyectadas y materializadas a niveles privado y público, para usuarios de diferentes características, así, se muestran casas para destinatarios de un mayor poder adquisitivo, en distintas localizaciones geográficas, diferentes climas, en asentamientos urbanos o rurales, con modalidades de producción formal o informal.
Que permiten “descubrir” los “condicionantes” a los que los arquitectos, científicos, técnicos, obreros, usuarios estuvieron sujetos, los requerimientos que éstos plantearon, para permitir la interacción e integración de los mismos, la constitución de las “invariables” que permitieron “definir” cada uno de los procesos de diseño, gestión y producción para alcanzar las propuestas y los objetivos arquitectónicos presentados.
De este modo, se exponen maneras de “pensar”, “saber” y “hacer” sobre “casas bioclimáticas”.

El presente estudio analiza el comportamiento de tres campamentos mineros peruanos en respuesta a variables climáticas y geográficas específicas con el objetivo de determinar pautas y criterios de diseño arquitectónico bioclimático, que busquen mejorar la calidad de vida, confort y seguridad del trabajador minero. Se estudiaron tres casos de estudio ubicados en dos zonas climáticas del Perú: Desértica (BW) y Mesoandina (Dwb). Los campamentos estudiados pertenecen a proyectos de Gran Minería y se encuentran ubicados dentro del área de influencia de la operación minera. Se emplearon evaluaciones objetivas y subjetivas: recojo de data in situ, simulaciones digitales, encuestas y entrevistas a los usuarios. La investigación ha permitido identificar las principales variables que influyen en el comportamiento térmico, acústico y lumínico interior y proponer recomen-daciones de diseño que puedan implementarse para mejorar el confort de los casos estudiados, así como de futuros proyectos con condiciones climáticas similares.

The study analyzes the behavior of three Peruvian mining camps in response to specific climatic and geographic variables with the objective of determining guidelines and criteria for bioclimatic architectural design, which seek to improve the quality of life, comfort and safety of the mining worker. The analysis was carried out through three study cases located in two climatic zones of Peru: Desert (BW) and Mesoandina (Dwb). The studied camps belong to large mining projects and are located within the area of influence of the mining operation. Objective and subjective evaluations were used: data collection in situ, digital simulations, surveys and user interviews. The research has made it possible to identify the main variables that influence the thermal, acoustic and lighting behavior and to propose design recommendations that can be implemented to improve the comfort of the studied cases, as well as future projects with similar climatic conditions.

Los contenidos de este libro aportan conocimientos teóricos y enfoques prácticos y ejemplos de proyectos realizados, o en vías de realización, que inciden en un cambio del paradigma energético en dos campos: el edificio y la estructura urbana. La obra se divide en dos partes: la primera, centrada en la arquitectura bioclimática, define el conjunto de acciones necesarias para conseguir un diseño racional del edificio desde el punto de vista del confort y la economía de energía; la segunda está dedicada a posibilitar la existencia de estos edificios en la planificación urbana. Además se exponen normas y técnicas para un adecuado control mediante la simulación del edificio a estudio o mediante acciones de comprobación del comportamiento real tanto de la envolvente del edificio como del nivel de infiltraciones.

Designing Residential Tower through A Bioclimatic Approach (Case study of :Rasht city)

SARVNAZ RAHIMI DANESH1, Farzaneh Asadi malek Jahan2, Mehdi Alirezaei3

1- MA Student
2- Supervisor
3- Advisor

Abstract

Nowdays, the development of cities and urbanization has led to an ever-increasing demand for housing and the emergence of new proportions and needs. The direct link between the living environment and the climate indicates the importance that the climate impact on nature should not be ignored in order to achieve a desirable life.The architectural characteristics of the residential tower which is one of the issues that today has a special place in the field of architectural construction and design. The main question of the research is, what are the physical and architectural factors affecting the design of the residential tower in line with the climate of the city of Rasht?And how?This thesis aimed to propose an optimization process for a residential tower shape in terms of the earthquack load,wind load, radiation and temperature characteristic in the early design stage.After the optimization Analysis,In the second phase as the chosen solution is selected we examined site orientation, wind, framework, and green space to show how it effect on residential tower design. The research is based on mixed method approach data collection and analysis. For qualitative analysis we use data from literature review and informations such as weather file data(.epw),… from its related organizations. In order to achieve quantitative analysis GA-based optimization method is proposed describes a platform, Galapagos, for the development of distributed evolutionary algorithms which can provide useful solutions in practical timescales to difficult optimization problems in the Architectural engineering fields.It is desirable to find the optimal solution in few iterations, especially in some test cases where the optimal results are expected to be obtained easily. The method has been tested for systems to show its effectiveness. Further improvement for the method is also discussed.In order to further investigation, practical tests is also required to measure the research accuracy.

Keywords : Bioclimatic Architecture,GA,CAD,Residential tower,Rasht

Este documento está conformado por el "capítulo 4: Análisis climático-bioclimático de Pachuca, Hidalgo" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Según el Balance Nacional de Energía (México, 2008), el consumo de electrici-dad en el sector residencial y comercial representa 33% del total consumido en el país. La mayor parte de la energía se consume durante el verano, cuando es nece-sario el uso de aire acondicionado para mantener las condiciones de confort interior en los edificios. Este aspecto toma relevancia en los climas cálidos secos, donde un mal diseño de las ventanas y la envolvente pueden añadir a la carga tér-mica de producción un aumento adicional a causa de los sistemas de aire acondi-cionado y los altos costos por consumo de electricidad de la energía. Por esta razón, tienen que ser aplicadas estrategias adecuadas de diseño y conceptos ter-modinámicos para que las viviendas sean confortables. Para llevar a cabo este tra-bajo, han sido simuladas y analizadas dos viviendas. La primera fue hecha de ma-teriales regionales, como las tradicionales paredes de bloques de concreto, techos de concreto reforzado y acabados económicos; la segunda se propone con un te-cho verde y aislamiento en las paredes. Se han obtenido ganancias de calor a través de los diferentes elementos constructivos para analizar el impacto de ellos en el consumo de energía eléctrica de los sistemas de aire de refrigeración.
Abstract According to the National Energy Balance (Mexico, 2008), the electricity consumption in the residential and commercial sector represents 33% of the total consumed in the country. Most of the energy is consumed during the summer, when it is necessary to use air conditioning to mantain comfort conditions inside buildings. This aspect takes relevance in warm-dry climates, where a bad design of windows and envelope can increase the thermal loads producing an extra load to air conditioning systems and high costs by electricity energy consumption. For this reason, adequate design strategies and thermodynamic concepts have to be applied to make comfortable dwellings. Two dwellings are simulated and analyzed, the first one is made of regional materials like traditional concrete block walls, reinforced concrete roofs and economic finishes, the second one is proposed with a green roof and insulated walls. The heat gains through the different constructive elements have been obtained, to analyze the impac of them on the electricity energy consumption of air conditioning systems.

De antiguo, el arquitecto ha tratado de resolver adecuadamente el espacio de relación entre el profesor y el alumno, de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, de la docencia y de la discencia.
Desde la época de la infancia, Richard Neutra decía: “child does most of his learninng on the floor”, hasta el estudio especializado universitario cuyo límite sería el sistema socrático, peripatético.
Últimamente el problema se ha centrado en la configuración del aula como necesidad universal básica, que ha sido ampliamente estudiada y resuelta, con sus condicionantes de visualidad, iluminación, acústica, de temperatura, equipamiento y economía constructiva y de mantenimiento,
etc., y lógicamente de las agrupaciones posibles de sus múltiples variables en conjuntos, desde la organización en damero propuesta por Aldo Van Eyk en sus escuelas infantiles a las más actuales y complejas que generan
espacios de comunicación y de relación de gran importancia.
En todas estas aulas, las condiciones de confort y de funcionamiento han sido estudiadas en profundidad en los programas de arquitectura “bioclimática”, en diversos climas y culturas y, dentro del bioclimatismo se han incluido, naturalmente, además de los condicionantes biofísicos
generales, la existencia y el tratamiento espacial que surge de la relación en la docencia entre las aulas y los equipamientos, que pasa de ser mera línea de comunicación a espacios de encuentro, de actividades comunes, de sociabilidad, lo que ha dado lugar a nuevas tipologías y requerimientos espaciales y arquitectónicos.

Doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilir yöntemlerle değerlendirilmesini amaçlayan ve günümüzün sağladığı olanaklarla desteklenip geliştirilen toprağa dayalı yapım sistemleri, önemli ekolojik ve ekonomik avantajlar sağlamaktadır. Yaşadığımız dönemde, bir yandan çevre sorunları, etkin enerji kullanımı gereksinimleri, sağlıklı ve konforlu yaşam istekleri, diğer yandan ekonomik açıdan sürdürülebilir inşaat yöntemi arayışları toprak yapı konusunu güncelleştirdi. Bugün dünyanın hemen her ülkesinde toprak yapıları iyileştirmeyi ve geliştirmeyi amaçlayan çalışmalar yürütülmekte iken, çok ileri düzeyde geleneksel toprak yapı teknolojisine ve kültürüne sahip olan Türkiye’de bu yöndeki çalışmaların kısıtlı kaldığını söyleyebiliriz. Bu kitap, gerek bireysel projeler bağlamında, gerekse de ülkemizde konut sorununa bir çözüm yöntemi olarak, toprağa dayalı, küçükölçekte ve yerel kaynaklara bağlı mimarlık pratiklerini önceleyen bir yapı modeli önermektedir. Çağdaş Yapı Malzemesi Toprak ve Alker, toprak yapı malzemesi ve teknolojisi konusundaki bilgi birikiminin kapsamlı bir sunumunu içeriyor. Aynı zamanda, yapım aşamasında ve kullanım sürecinde olabildiğince az enerji tüketen, çevre kirliliği yaratmayan, yapay donatı gerektirmeden sağlıklı yaşam koşullarını kendi bünyesinde gerçekleştiren bir malzeme olan Alker’in (alçı ve kireçle stabilize edilen toprak) mekanik ve fiziksel niteliklerini belirleyen deneylerin sonuçlarını sunuyor; üretimi ve inşaat süreci konusundaki araştırma ve deneyimlerimizi bütünlüklü olarak ortaya koyuyor.
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Earthen building technologies that introduce novel interpretations of traditional building methods provide significant ecological and economical advantages. They offer possibilities for the sustainable use of natural resources, and for the development of appropriate building technologies that favor small scale, energy-efficient, and environmentally sound architectural practices utilizing local resources. Behind the current rise of interest in earthen building technologies in various areas of the world are increasingly visible environmental concerns, requirements for efficient energy use, and the desire for creating healthy and comfortable living environments. While earthen building has emerged as a topic of research in diverse academic environments, in Turkey, a country with a rooted tradition of adobe construction, the topic has attracted relatively less attention.

This book offers a model for sustainable architecture based on earthen building. It offers a comprehensive overview of the use of earth as a building material, detailing historical and contemporary earthen building technologies, methods of construction-oriented soil selection, and techniques of erosion resistant soil stabilization. At the same time, it presents the first book-length treatment of Alker, produced by the addition of gypsum, lime, and water to earth with the appropriate granulometric structure and with a cohesive property. Unbaked and produced on-site either as adobe blocks or by the rammed earth technique, it offers important economical and environmental advantages, and has been used in a number of small and middle-sized projects in various locations in Turkey. Alker is characterized by its quick setting time, hence preventing clay shrinkage and eliminating the need for curing and drying processes. Unlike traditional unbaked earthen building materials, it exhibits high resistance to water-related erosion. Çağdaş Yapı Malzemesi Toprak ve Alker details the investigations on the mechanical and physical properties of this building material, and presents the research and experiments on its production and its use in construction.

Concept of the dymicity and the meaning ,
The Nature has Dynamic Identity,
The building with the dynamic shape ,
Dynamic inside the building ,
Dynamic of light,
Dynamic of Form
Dynamic in the planning
Dynamic with sustainable approach for example circulation of wind and natural sources Smart materials with dynamic identity...

Pamphlet outlining the speculative building codes applying to Panarchistic Architecture's 'Pyro-resistor' architectural and urban design genus pyroarchetype variant for use when exploring how the architectural and urban resilience paradigm may work in policy and professional practice. Part of the wider suite of Panarchic Codex® materials available via www.panarchiccodex.com.

The aim of this work is to establish a useful methodology to generate bioclimatic architectural designs based on the information contained in natural organisms, in this case the architecture generated by some animals and their passive climate systems. First the usefulness of defining a goal or challenge design, which allows to limit the study sample, is explained. On the other hand some useful sources where you can locate case studies that are related to the design challenge. From there, layouts that summarize the findings obtained during each case analysis and some useful tools to interpret the mechanisms found, such as function matrices or climate analyses are proposed. All this in order to determine a possible synthesis of forms and functions able to replicate in bioclimatic architecture design, as in the case of animal architecture, their passive climate systems.. While there are some methodologies developed for bio-designs, they still have some serious limitations for the effective implementation by the designers and decision makers. Moreover, the development of another source of knowledge to improve sustainable design will be invaluable as the vernacular or traditional architecture and its vast amount of information on passive design, materials and resources, settle on natural and cultural environment. The methodology presented here was used to develop an architectural application, based on the passive climate controls used in some animal constructions. However it is expected to be generalized to other bioinspired applications and to complement the tools and resources of bioclimatic design.

This book was born, primarily, from the need to introduce the students of the Environmental Design course to the Barra-Costantini system, with a text that is both compact but sufficiently detailed in the technical aspects, to allow them to be able to use it in projects with knowledge of the facts. Also because, on several occasions, technical information, graphics, incorrect and misleading descriptions have been published, both on the conception and on the functioning; some totally unreliable. Obviously it will be useful to all those who, without having to venture into the search for documents that are too technical or too superficial, will want to sufficiently understand it in its essential elements. My professional and personal experience with Orazio Barra, on several occasions, has been a further determined stimulus.
The Barra-Costantini System is a passive solar system that uses air as a heat transfer fluid and is based on the principle of natural convection. The system is an advancement of the Trombe-Michel system of which it solves all the critical issues, both by improving its performance for space heating and also allowing the cooling of the same. In fact, Orazio A. Barra, analyzing the criticalities of the Trombe-Michel system, not only solves them but considerably expands their performance, conceiving one of the most performing passive solar systems. The “Barra-Costantini” system was born from the study to overcome these difficulties, the first prototype of a passive solar system with solar collectors integrated into the facade of the buildings.

In this research a porous envelope, based on a gabion wall filled with basalt rocks, is studied experimentally to determine its capacities in fulfilling bioclimatic strategies of thermal mass and ventilation useful for hot-dry climates. Several tests were performed on a physical sample; firstly a porosity ratio test, and secondly a thermal performance test to measure heat flow in steady state, including the effect of wind flow in thermal response. Finally a ventilation test through a wind tunnel was applied to compare a porous sample and a solid one. Results show that a gabion wall filled with basalt rocks of about 10, 15 and 20cm in diameter has a 47% ratio of porosity, which means that 53% of its volume is solid and the rest is an open cavity where air could pass. Thermal delay calculated from data obtained during the thermal test is 6.42h; whereas if the same sample is exposed to a 1.2m/s wind blow through its mass, thermal delay is reduced to 2.66h. During the ventilation test, wind velocity in the inlet was 2.1m/s and 2.3m/s at the outlet; which represents an increase of 8.70% in the center of the gabion sample suggesting a Venturi effect. Wind speed recorded inside the wind tunnel without any sample at the same point was 3.3m/s; this means that wind velocity through the gabion sample was 69% of the wind speed of a simple opening such as a regular window. Obtained data was used for numerical simulations to estimate the bioclimatic performance of the gabion wall envelope in Ciudad Juarez. The cooling effect of the ventilation quality was estimated with Szokolay's model (2004) dT=6×ve − 1.6×ve 2 .

Este documento está conformado por las "conclusiones" de la tesis titulada Confort Térmico en Bioclima Semi-Frío: Estimación a partir de los Enfoques de Estudio Adaptativo y Predictivo (Caso de estudio: Centro de Estudios de Eduación Superior en Pachuca, Hidalgo)...

Aproximación a la 'High Tech Architecture' tomando como punto de inflexión el Centro Beaubourg (Pompidou) de 1971-77, donde cristalizan muchas facetas tecnológicas tanto pragmáticas como utópicas tras la WWII, abriendo nuevas expectactivas en un mundo cada vez más globalizado que demanda una respuesta de "estilo corporativo" para las élites del tardocapitalismo.

El planteamiento parte del estudio de las fuentes de la 'High Tech', desde las más lejanas en el tiempo (Paxton, Contamin/Dutert), pasando por las de la 1ª Modernidad (Le Corbusier, Giedion, Owen Williams, P.Chareau, J.Prouvé), las de la arquitectura de posguerra (Saarinen, Enrenkrantz, K.Roche & J.Dinkeloo, Stirling) hasta las utopías de los años 60 (Fuller, Archigram, R.Banham, Y.Friedman, C.Price) que cristalizan en el concurso del Pompidou ganado por Renzo Piano, Richard Rogers y Gianfranco Franchini en 1971.

A partir de esa obra se estudia la evolución de la Arquitectura 'High Tech' de sus 3 principales valedores (N.Foster, R.Piano y R.Rogers) en diversas etapas, que desembocarán en el cambio de milenio en una vertiente 'Eco-Tech' al introducir la variable de la sostenibilidad y eficiencia energética como justificación técnica de la nueva generación de edificios de alta tecnología, llegando al paroxismo de la "deslocalización" en base a la programación del comportamiento energético del edificio al margen de otro contexto que no sea el bioclimático, ignorando variables tan importantes para la arquitectura como son el paisaje, la cultura local, los hábitos de los usuarios, etc.

En una primera fase este trabajo analiza algunas representaciones de la arquitectura popular en el mundo según clasificación de climas específicos.
A través de este análisis inicial, se sacan conclusiones con respecto a las estrategias bioclimáticas utilizadas por los primitivos y los materiales que usaban en sus construcciones. A partir de ello, se intenta caracterizar el nivel de
confort higrotérmico que supuestamente se puede tener en los tipos de arquitectura según los climas estudiados.
Además, el trabajo se ha centrado también en estudiar en profundidad la arquitectura popular brasileña y, dentro de esta, se ha elegido un tipo de arquitectura representativo de ese país y de una ciudad en concreto, que son los Palafitos y las Ocas Indígenas en Salvador de Bahía, Brasil.
Al finalizar el trabajo, se hace una comparación con otras construcciones de palafitos existentes en el resto del mundo y una breve simulación de un recinto estándar adaptándose a las estrategias bioclimáticas para el lugar.
Luego se sacan las conclusiones de las simulaciones y las conclusiones generales del presente estudio.

La présente proposition s’intéresse à l’aspect bioclimatique dans l’habitat à travers une étude de l’architecture traditionnelle Mozabite. La question posée est comment l’architecture mozabite peut-elle être utile dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables ? Somme nous capables de faire évoluer ses principes en de solutions contemporaines ?
Il s’agit donc d’étudier le côté bioclimatique de l’habitat mozabite. Pour atteindre nos objectifs, nous adopterons une approche qualitative. Ainsi les outils mobilisés pour le recueil et l’analyse des données sont, essentiellement la recherche documentaire. La consultation de fonds cartographiques ; principalement ceux de l’office de la promotion de la vallée du M’Zab (OPVM), de la direction de l’urbanisme et de la construction (DUC de Ghardaïa). Cette recherche documentaire a pour objectif, entre autres, la mise en place d’un cadre théorique du sujet. Nous serons particulièrement soucieux de croiser différents types d’approches et de perspectives sans pour autant nous éloigner du  terrain  et oublier de mobiliser nos compétences d’architecte. Nous avons alors mobilisé d’autres outils tels que l’observation.
Mots clés :
M’Zab, architecture traditionnelle, bioclimatique, durabilité.

""also see www.sunwindlight.net

How to design buildings that heat with the sun, cool with the wind, light with the sky, and move into the future using on-site renewable resources

Developed for rapid use during schematic design, this book clarifies relationships between form and energy and gives designers tools for designing sustainably. It also:

* Applies the latest passive energy and lighting design research
* Organizes information by architectural elements at three scales:
* building groups, individual buildings, and building parts
* Brings design strategies to life with examples and practical design tools

Features:
* 109 analysis techniques and design strategies
* More than 750 illustrations, sizing graphs, and tables
* Both inch-pound and metric units""

Entre los años 1991 y 2012 existe un incremento del consumo energético en un 95%. donde el área residencial es parte del 27% del total. Si a esto le incluimos la existencia de incoherencias entre la zonificación térmica y climática, y exclusión de los microclimas existentes en la normativa nacional, se puede inferir que las viviendas construidas podrían verse afectadas por problemas bioclimáticos.

En cuanto a las políticas públicas del país y su relación con los conjuntos de vivienda social, las familias beneficiadas por los subsidios se ven altamente expuestas a la pobreza y vulnerabilidad energética. Obligándolas a realizar distintas clases de adaptaciones espontáneas en sus viviendas para solucionar estas problemáticas. Sin embargo, al no tener las herramientas o tomar decisiones correctas, podrían generarse otro tipo de problemas.

Hipótesis de investigación: Las deficiencias existentes en la normativa térmica permiten que en la vivienda social chilena se generen problemas bioclimáticos y socio-espaciales. Estos obligan a la gente a crear adaptaciones espontáneas en sus casas para poder darle algún tipo de solución. Las que muchas veces podrían convertirse en nuevos problemas, por no tener los conocimientos necesarios para llevar a cabo estas soluciones.

Se estudian  viviendas en tres conjuntos sociales de la Provincia de Ñuble,  con características similares:

Todos son conjuntos de reconstrucción, con año de entrega 2013.
Las viviendas son de dos pisos, pareadas y de materialidad mixta, además de tener metros cuadrados construidos muy similares.
Sus características climáticas (clima y microclimas) son iguales.
Se recopila un total de 10 casos de estudio,  de los cuales se hace una clasificación según las estrategias de diseño que coincidan con los tipos de análisis: radiación y sombra.

Se realiza un diagnóstico bioclimático por medio del programa Ecotect, a las tres viviendas tipo sin adaptación y a cada caso de estudio clasificado. Esto, para evaluar si son eficientes (desde el punto de vista bioclimático) por si solas, en el caso de la vivienda tipo. Y si las adaptaciones espontáneas cumplen la función que se les adjudica.

Resultados:

De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, se puede inferir que las viviendas sociales, en su gran mayoría no son eficientes desde el punto de vista bioclimáticos. Esto se puede deber a la inexistencia de aleros que protejan de la radiación solar directa. Y las adaptaciones espontáneas si son eficientes, para la función que se le adjudica en la temporada de verano. Pero en la época de invierno, la mayoría de los casos podría generar problemáticas en el proceso de captación de calor.  Esto podría deberse a la utilización de materiales muy densos y por tener la cualidad de ser dispositivos estáticos que se utilizan todo el año.

This fully updated Third Edition covers principles of designing buildings that use the sun for heating, wind for cooling, and daylight for natural lighting. Using hundreds of illustrations this book offers practical strategies that give the designer the tools they need to make energy efficient buildings. The focus of this 800 page edition is net-zero energy and carbon-neutral design to meet Architecture 2030 targets. Four excerpts are attached.