Business

Partisan bias occurs when the translation of the popular vote into legislative seats differs between competing parties. This paper contains a theoretical and empirical analysis of the consequences of an efficient gerrymander for the partisan bias of an electoral system. Under partisan apportionment, bias is shown to depend on some structural features of the electoral environment; namely, the size of the voting population and the number of single-member districts within a political jurisdiction. A statistical analysis reveals the predicted relationships in data on Congressional elections across states in the 1950–1984 period. This paper highlights the importance of some measurable features of the electoral environment for determining bias and provides an indirect test of partisan gerrymandering in congressional apportionment processes.

Abstract. Partisan bias occurs when the translation of the popular vote into legislative seats differs between competing parties. This paper contains a theoretical and empirical analysis of the consequences of an efficient gerrymander for the partisan bias of an electoral system. Under partisan ...

This paper investigates the determinants of state spending over 1960—1990. Recent empirical studies suggest that state government expenditure is greater than the electorate desires. Our main finding is that expenditure was positively related to the number of seats in a state's legislature. This is consistent with the hypothesis that logrolling leads representatives to spend more than their constituents would like. We also find that political parties do not have a pronounced effect on overall levels of expenditure, but do influence the composition of spending. In particular, Democratic control of state government is associated with higher levels of welfare spending.

... The selection procedure resulted in size being assessed relative to each firm's industry cohorts in the sample; 149 firms were categorized as srnall and 138 as large businesses. Four variables were used to assess the entrepreneur's lifestyle intentions and choices. ...

... The pursuit of a patent is highly correlated to the level of firm technology (Stearns & Allen, 2000), which suggests that the more ... high-technology ventures are started for a number of reasons including to exploit the entrepreneur's abilities or to provide employment (Zahra, 1996). ...

... The selection procedure resulted in size being assessed relative to each firm's industry cohorts in the sample; 149 firms were categorized as srnall and 138 as large businesses. Four variables were used to assess the entrepreneur's lifestyle intentions and choices. ...

A growing body of research exists to support the use of geographically dispersed teams in the commercialization of new technologies. This paper discusses the results of a controlled experiment involving twelve geographically dispersed and co-located teams ...

... Wisconsin's Entrepreneurial Climate Study. Stearns, TM & Allen, KR (2000). The foundations of high-technology start-ups: The who, where, when, and why. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 179-192. Zahra, S.(2000). ...

Large scale development programs, policy creation initiatives, and manufacturing enterprises have two characteristics in common: uncertainty and risk. While program managers tend to have several tools to mitigate and manage risks, uncertainty is a whole different matter in that uncertainty can potentially be exploited if flexibility is introduced in the right technical and programmatic dimensions. For example, for large scale systems development, the key dimensions in which flexibility can be introduced are the technical architecture of the system, the program plan, and the design of the performing organization. However, introducing such flexibility into any one dimension does not mean that it can automatically be exploited. This is where systems thinking plays an important role. What are the implications of introducing flexibility into a particular dimension? What else needs to be in place to exploit this flexibility? For example, by introducing flexibility into the technical archi...

... The pursuit of a patent is highly correlated to the level of firm technology (Stearns & Allen, 2000), which suggests that the more ... high-technology ventures are started for a number of reasons including to exploit the entrepreneur's abilities or to provide employment (Zahra, 1996). ...