Istorija Velsa

Istorija Velsa obuhvata period od paleolita do danas. Pisana istorija Velsa obuhvata period od rimske okupacije 70-ih godina 1. veka, preko sitnih kelstkih kraljevina u srednjem veku, do Velsa u sastavu Engleske (od 1284) i Velike Britanije (od 1707).

Rana istorija

Preistorija

Istorija Velsa započinje dolaskom ljudi u region pre više hiljada godina. Neandertalci su živeli na području koje je sada Vels, ili Kimri za Velšane, pre najmanje 230.000 godina,^[1] dok je Homo sapiens prispeo do oko 31.000. p. n. e..^[2] Međutim, kontinuirana habitacija modernih ljudi datira od perioda posle kraja poslednjeg ledenog doba oko 9000. godine p. n. e., i u Velsu ima mnogo ostataka iz mezolita, neolita i bronzanog doba. Tokom gvozdenog doba regionom su, kao i celom Britanijom južno od Fert ov Forta, dominirali keltski Briti i britonski jezik.^[3]

Rimska okupacija

Rimljani, koji su započeli osvajanje Britanije 43. godine, prvo su se borili u sadašnjem severoistočnom Velsu 48. godine protiv Deseangla i stekli potpunu kontrolu nad regionom porazom Ordovikija 79. godine.

Srednji vek

Keltske kraljevine

Rimljani su napustili Britaniju u 5. veku, otvarajući vrata za anglosaksonsku invaziju. Nakon toga britonski jezik i kultura počeli su se raspadati i formiralo se nekoliko različitih grupa. Velšani su bili najveća od ovih grupa i o njima se generalno govori nezavisno od ostalih preživelih naroda koji govore britonske jezike nakon 11. veka.^[3]

Formirana su brojna kraljevstva u današnjem Velsu u postrimskom periodu. Dok je najmoćniji vladar priznat kao kralj Britonaca (kasnije Tivisog Kimri: vođa ili princ od Velsa), i neki od vladara su proširili svoju kontrolu nad drugim velškim teritorijama i zapadnom Engleskom, dugo vremena ni jedan nije mogao da ujedini Vels. Međusobne borbe i spoljni pritisak Engleza i kasnije, normanskih osvajača Engleske, doveli su do toga da su velška kraljevstva postepeno došla pod uticaj engleske krune.

Engleska okupacija

Godine 1282. smrt Luelina ap Grifida dovela je do osvajanja Velške kneževine engleskog kralja Edvarda I; nakon toga, naslednik engleske monarhije je nosio titulu „Princ od Velsa”. Velšani su podigli nekoliko pobuna protiv engleske vladavine, pri čemu je poslednju značajnu pobunu vodio Oven Glendover početkom 15. veka.

Novi vek

Pripajanje Engleskoj

U 16. veku Henri VIII, koji je i sam bio velškog porekla kao praunuk Ovena Tudora, doneo je Zakone o Velškom statusu sa ciljem potpune inkorporacije Velsa u Kraljevinu Engleske. Pod vlašću Engleske, Vels je postao deo Kraljevine Velike Britanije 1707, a potom Ujedinjene Kraljevine 1801. godine. Ipak, Velšani su zadržali svoj jezik i kulturu uprkos velikoj engleskoj dominaciji. Objavljivanje izuzetno značajnog prvog kompletnog Velškog prevoda Biblije od strane Vilijama Morgana 1588. godine uveliko je poboljšalo položaj velškog jezika kao književnog jezika.^[4]

U 18. veku su počele dve promene koje će u velikoj meri uticati na Vels, velški metodistički preporod, koji je doveo do toga da se zemlja preokretala ka nekonformističkoj religij i industrijska revolucija. Tokom uspona Britanskog carstva, jugoistočni Vels je u 19. veku doživeo naročito brzu industrijalizaciju i dramatičan porast stanovništva kao rezultat eksplozije industrije uglja i gvožđa.^[5] Vels je igrao punu i voljnu ulogu u Prvom svetskom ratu. Industrije carstva u Velsu su opadale u 20. veku s krajem Britanskog carstva nakon Drugog svetskog rata, dok su nacionalistički osećaji i interesovanje za samoopredeljenje porasli. Laburistička stranka zamenila je Liberalnu stranku kao dominantnu političku silu 1920-ih. Vels je igrao značajnu ulogu tokom Drugog svetskog rata, zajedno sa ostatkom Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva Velike Britanije i Severne Irske i Saveznicima, a njegovi gradovi su bombardovani tokom nacističkog blica. Nacionalistička stranka Plejd Kimri dobila je zamah od 1960-ih. Na referendumu 1997. velški glasači odobrili su prenošenje odgovornosti vlade na Nacionalnu skupštinu Velsa, koja je prvi put zasedala 1999. godine.

Reference

^ Davies, J A History of Wales, pp. 3–4.
^ Richards, MP; Trinkaus, E (septembar 2009). „Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (38): 16034—9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616034R. PMC 2752538 . PMID 19706482. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903821106 .
^ ^а ^б Koch, стр. 291–292
^ Davies, John (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. стр. 572. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
^ Williams G.A.When was Wales? p. 174

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Spoljašnje veze

[1] Davies, J A History of Wales, pp. 3–4.

[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-2] Richards, MP; Trinkaus, E (septembar 2009). „Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (38): 16034—9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10616034R. PMC 2752538 . PMID 19706482. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903821106 .

[KochBritons-3] а ^б Koch, стр. 291–292

[Morgan-4] Davies, John (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. стр. 572. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.

[Williams174-5] Williams G.A.When was Wales? p. 174

[1]