არქივთმცოდნეობა, წყაროთმცოდნეობა - ტენდენციები და გამოწვევები - Archival Studies, Source Studies – Trends and Challenges, 2019
ლაზიკის სამეფო რომელიც გვიანანტიკურ ხანაში წარმოიშვა თანამედროვე დასავლეთ საქართველოს ტერიტორიაზე... more ლაზიკის სამეფო რომელიც გვიანანტიკურ ხანაში წარმოიშვა თანამედროვე დასავლეთ საქართველოს ტერიტორიაზე და ბიზანტიელ ისტორიკოსთა გადმოცემით, თავს მიიჩნევდა ძველი კოლხების მემკვიდრედ, V-VI საუკუნეებში რთულ გეოპოლიტიკურ გარემოში იყო მოქცეული და მისი ტერიტორიაზე ხშირად იყვნენ განლაგებულები დაინტერესებულ მხარეთა, ბიზანტიელთა და ირანელთა სამხედრო ნაწილები. ლაზი მეფეები კი იმის მიხედვით, თუ რომელი მხარე უფრო ძლიერი იყო მოცემულ პერიოდში, იცვლიდნენ პოლიტიკურ ორიენტაციას. ბუნებრივია ლაზებს არც სათანადო ადამიანური და ეკონომიკური რესურსები ჰქონდათ, რათა დამოუკიდებლად ხანგრძლივად ებრძოლათ იმპერიებთან, მაგრამ მათთან კავშირის გარეშე, ვერც იმპერიები ახერხებდნენ ადვილად თავიანთი გავლენის დამყარებას ისეთ რთულად მისასვლელ და რთული რელიეფისა და მწირი რესურსების მხარეში, როგორიც გვიანანტიკურ ხანაში სამხრეთ-დასავლეთ კავკასია იყო. ლაზთა ჯარი მონაწილეობდა მთელ რიგ მნიშვნელოვან სამხედრო მოქმედებებში, ძირითადად ბიზანტიელების მხარდამხარ ირანელების წინააღმდეგ და ადგილმდებარეობის კარგი ცოდნითა და ამ პირობებში ბრძოლის გამოცდილებით, ძვირფას მოკავშირეებს წარმოადგენდნენ ბიზანტიის იმპერატორ იუსტინიანეს მიერ ლაზიკაში ირანელებთან საბრძოლველად გამოგზავნილი მხედართმთავრებისთვის. სტატიაში გვიანანტიკურ ისტორიულ წყაროებზე დაყრდნობით, განხილულია იქნება ლაზური ჯარის ისტორია V-VI საუკუნეებში - რიცხოვნობა, რესურსები, ორგანიზება, შეიარაღება, ტაქტიკა და მეთაურობა. ამ საკითხთა შესწავლა მნიშვნელოვანია მთლიანობაში ისეთი მასშტაბური გვიანანტიკური კონფლიქტის შესწავლისთვის, როგორიც იყო ლაზიკის ომი.
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This paper examines the Lazic army in late antiquity, before and during the Lazic War (541-562 CE) based on Byzantine sources. The first part of the article is about the geography, landscape, historical borders, resources, administration, allies, enemies, and the Strategical strongholds of the Lazic kingdom. These details are especially worthy when we are studying the military history of this period and when we want to calculate the military might of the state. The second part of the article is about the Lazic army in the VI century, during the Lazic war between the Byzantine and the Iranian empires on the territory of Lazica, modern western Georgia. We know very little about the Lazic tactics, armament, and army organization, but according to some details from contemporary sources, we can restore the general image of the Lazic army. The army consisted of militia, nobles, and the king’s guard. They were divided into infantry and cavalry. Lazian soldiers had enough military experience and knowledge to form the infantry phalanx with the Byzantines against the Iranians in the battle of the Hippis River during the Lazic War. The highest commander of the Lazic army was the king and after him the master of his guards. In conclusion, if we analyze all of the historical data about the Lazic history in late antiquity, we can get the full military potential of Lazica between 8-10 thousand soldiers.
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This paper examines the Lazic army in late antiquity, before and during the Lazic War (541-562 CE) based on Byzantine sources. The first part of the article is about the geography, landscape, historical borders, resources, administration, allies, enemies, and the Strategical strongholds of the Lazic kingdom. These details are especially worthy when we are studying the military history of this period and when we want to calculate the military might of the state. The second part of the article is about the Lazic army in the VI century, during the Lazic war between the Byzantine and the Iranian empires on the territory of Lazica, modern western Georgia. We know very little about the Lazic tactics, armament, and army organization, but according to some details from contemporary sources, we can restore the general image of the Lazic army. The army consisted of militia, nobles, and the king’s guard. They were divided into infantry and cavalry. Lazian soldiers had enough military experience and knowledge to form the infantry phalanx with the Byzantines against the Iranians in the battle of the Hippis River during the Lazic War. The highest commander of the Lazic army was the king and after him the master of his guards. In conclusion, if we analyze all of the historical data about the Lazic history in late antiquity, we can get the full military potential of Lazica between 8-10 thousand soldiers.
This article provides an overview of the main issues of the military and political interests of Sasanian Iran in the kingdom of Lazica, the weapons and equipment of the military garrison of Petra, the nature of the distribution of Sasanian coins in southwestern Georgia and its attributes.
It has been established that during the Great War, the 10-year presence of the Iranians in the Petra fortress was related to the global war circumstances, and it served a military task – to control the Lazica-Byzantium military road. There is no evidence to support any political, economic, or cultural motives behind the Sassanids' forti-fication in Petra. It has been established that the circulation of Sasanian coins in the region was mainly related to the payment of the wages to the garrison and was seldom used for the trade with the local population.
ევრაზიის სტეპების მომთაბარე ხალხებმა მნიშვნელოვანი როლი შეასრულეს გვიანანტიკური და ადრეული შუა საუკუნეების ისტორიაში. ჰუნები და ალანები აქტიურად მონაწილეობდნენ ხალხთა დიდი გადასახლების (IV-VI სს.) პროცესში, შეიჭრნენ რა რომის იმპერიაში და მიაღწიეს გალიას, ესპანეთის ნახევარკუნძულსა და ჩრდილოეთ აფრიკასაც კი. ჰუნთა ზოგიერთი ტომი და ასევე, ალანები, მომთაბარე ცხოვრებას ეწეოდნენ ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში, საიდანაც აღწევდნენ კავკასიური სამეფოებამდე, ლაზიკამდე, იბერიასა და ალბანეთამდე. ისინი ხშირად მსახურობდნენ მოქირავნეებად, კავკასიაში გავლენისთვის მებრძოლი იმპერიების, ბიზანტიისა და სასანური ირანის ჯარებში. სტატიაში განხილულია ჰუნებისა და ალანების მონაწილეობა ლაზიკის ომში (541-562 წწ.), მათი შესაძლებლობები, რიცხოვნობა და მნიშვნელობა გადამწყვეტ სამხედრო მოქმედებებში.
The present article scrutinizes available historical sources and studies by Georgian and foreign historians about the Varangians in Georgia. It seeks to challenge and dispel some of the persisting myths, including the long-standing claim that Swedish Viking Ingvar the Far-Travelled had been in the Georgian king’s employ. Evidence of use of Frankish mercenaries by King Bagrat IV of Georgia in the 1060s shows that the use of mercenary companies was a common practice in medieval Georgia. Therefore the presence of the Varangians was not unusual.
The sixteenth century marked the start of the prolonged power struggle between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. The Ottoman invasion of the South Caucasus under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha in 1578 formed a major moment of the Ottoman-Persian Wars of the 16th century. After assembling at Erzurum, the Ottoman army invaded the Georgian principality of Samtskhe, where they encountered and defeated the Safavid forces at the battle of Chaldiran. The Ottoman commander Lala Mustafa Pasha then seized Tiflis (Tbilisi), the capital of the Eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli and extended the Ottoman control to the Kingdom of Kakheti. The Ottomans thus gained an upper hand over the Safavids and managed to secure almost entire southern Caucasia.
Lala Mustafa Pasha’s campaign is well known but some of its aspects require more study, including the question of the size and extent of the Ottoman war effort in the Caucasus. Georgian historiography is replete with references to the vast size of the the Ottoman army that is invariably claimed to have been at least 100,000 and even 300,000 men strong. Yet, such claims are unrealistic. This article seeks to re-examine this issues, incorporating additional sources, including early modern sources that offer differing view of the Ottoman war efforts. These sources are crucial to improving our undertsanding of the early modern Ottoman armies and their logistics.
The Ottoman Empire had a military potential to assemble large forces but almost never in hundreds of thousands. This article examines available evidence on the Ottoman war effort in the Caucasus to explain impracticality of sending a large army to Georgia, notoriously forested and mountanois region. Indeed, according to Ottoman author Munejim Bashi, the entirery of Lala Mustafa Pasha’s force – meaning not just soldiers but also servants and auxilliaries, numbered 100,000. Anonymous sixteenth century Italian chronicler, who seems well acquinted with the Ottoman experiences, is even more judicious of his estimate of the Ottoman army sent to the Caucasus, noting that Mustafa Pasha had just 50,000 soldiers at the start of the campaign.
This paper offers a comparative study of the Sasanian, Byzantine and the nomad peoples’ (the Huns and the Alans) practices and underscores challenges they all had faced when it came to resources and the logistics during the Lazic War. It also draws parallels to later periods based on the Late Ancient and Late Medieval sources that provide additional information about the geography, resources and the enviroment of western Georgia. The Lazic War was one of the principal conflicts in the sixth century and further research of logistics and resource management during this war offers many new insights into warfare of the late antiquity.
Europe. These mercenaries participated in every military campaign waged by the Byzantine emperors in the eleventh century. European mercenaries (whom the Byzantines called “Franks”) served not only in the Byzantine empire,
but in other eastern states as well, including in the Kingdom of Georgia. They fought on the Georgian side at the Battle of Didgori in 1121. Yet their first appearance in Georgia could be attested to about fifty years earlier. According to the Muslim historian Sadr al-Din ʻAli ibn Nasir Husayni (XII-XIII c.), Georgian king Bagrat IV used Frankish troops (al Faranj) against the army of Seljuq sultan Alp-Arslan during his campaign in eastern Georgia in 1068. Several Georgian and foreign historians have associated these mercenaries with the Varangians, who had served in Bagrat IV’s military forces some twenty years earlier. Our research suggests that Sadr al-Din’s “al Faranj” were in fact the Franks, rather than the Varangians.
Based on Byzantine and Muslim sources, this article explores political situation in the Caucasus, Byzantine empire and the Islamic world in the second half of the eleventh century and examines on the presence of military contingents of mercenaries in the Byzantine service. By this time Frankish mercenaries had become an important element in the
Byzantine armies and unlike the Varangians their regiments often served on the eastern border territories (“themes”) of the empire, close to the south borders of the Georgian kingdom. Before the battle of Manzikert (1071), Franks played a central role in military raids and skirmishes that Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes waged against the Seljuq Turks. Some
Frankish leaders, such as Hervé Frankopoulos, Roussel de Bailleul, and Robert Crepin, gained considerable influence at the Byzantine court. Varangians and Franks were well known in the Islamic world and it seems implausible that a well informed historian such as Sadr Al-Din would confuse them.
„The Lazic War: Landscape, Space, Resources” explores the military and socioeconomic history of Caucasia, Near East and the Byzantine Empire in late antiquity and early medieval periods. This study will examine geography and environment of the Lazic Kingdom based on an in-depth and comparative analysis of contemporary and period sources. It will demonstrate how natural environment of Western Georgia has changed since the Lazic War and how conducive natural conditions could have been to large-scale military operations. This thesis will provide insights into military resources the warring sides had utilized, where they were acquired and how they were transported; what lines of communication the warring sides relied upon and how large their armies could have been considering natural constraints of Lazica; what fortresses and towns were crucial to each side and how they were defended, supplied and maintained. This study will also examine how terrain and natural environment had impacted military tactics and strategy and how they shaped military objectives that belligerent sides had set and pursued. This research will contribute greatly to the advancement of the field of military history in Georgia. It will open fresh venues of research and encourage other historians, by utilizing similar approaches and methods, to re-examine other military conflicts in the history of Georgia.
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This paper examines the Lazic army in late antiquity, before and during the Lazic War (541-562 CE) based on Byzantine sources. The first part of the article is about the geography, landscape, historical borders, resources, administration, allies, enemies, and the Strategical strongholds of the Lazic kingdom. These details are especially worthy when we are studying the military history of this period and when we want to calculate the military might of the state. The second part of the article is about the Lazic army in the VI century, during the Lazic war between the Byzantine and the Iranian empires on the territory of Lazica, modern western Georgia. We know very little about the Lazic tactics, armament, and army organization, but according to some details from contemporary sources, we can restore the general image of the Lazic army. The army consisted of militia, nobles, and the king’s guard. They were divided into infantry and cavalry. Lazian soldiers had enough military experience and knowledge to form the infantry phalanx with the Byzantines against the Iranians in the battle of the Hippis River during the Lazic War. The highest commander of the Lazic army was the king and after him the master of his guards. In conclusion, if we analyze all of the historical data about the Lazic history in late antiquity, we can get the full military potential of Lazica between 8-10 thousand soldiers.
This article provides an overview of the main issues of the military and political interests of Sasanian Iran in the kingdom of Lazica, the weapons and equipment of the military garrison of Petra, the nature of the distribution of Sasanian coins in southwestern Georgia and its attributes.
It has been established that during the Great War, the 10-year presence of the Iranians in the Petra fortress was related to the global war circumstances, and it served a military task – to control the Lazica-Byzantium military road. There is no evidence to support any political, economic, or cultural motives behind the Sassanids' forti-fication in Petra. It has been established that the circulation of Sasanian coins in the region was mainly related to the payment of the wages to the garrison and was seldom used for the trade with the local population.
ევრაზიის სტეპების მომთაბარე ხალხებმა მნიშვნელოვანი როლი შეასრულეს გვიანანტიკური და ადრეული შუა საუკუნეების ისტორიაში. ჰუნები და ალანები აქტიურად მონაწილეობდნენ ხალხთა დიდი გადასახლების (IV-VI სს.) პროცესში, შეიჭრნენ რა რომის იმპერიაში და მიაღწიეს გალიას, ესპანეთის ნახევარკუნძულსა და ჩრდილოეთ აფრიკასაც კი. ჰუნთა ზოგიერთი ტომი და ასევე, ალანები, მომთაბარე ცხოვრებას ეწეოდნენ ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში, საიდანაც აღწევდნენ კავკასიური სამეფოებამდე, ლაზიკამდე, იბერიასა და ალბანეთამდე. ისინი ხშირად მსახურობდნენ მოქირავნეებად, კავკასიაში გავლენისთვის მებრძოლი იმპერიების, ბიზანტიისა და სასანური ირანის ჯარებში. სტატიაში განხილულია ჰუნებისა და ალანების მონაწილეობა ლაზიკის ომში (541-562 წწ.), მათი შესაძლებლობები, რიცხოვნობა და მნიშვნელობა გადამწყვეტ სამხედრო მოქმედებებში.
The present article scrutinizes available historical sources and studies by Georgian and foreign historians about the Varangians in Georgia. It seeks to challenge and dispel some of the persisting myths, including the long-standing claim that Swedish Viking Ingvar the Far-Travelled had been in the Georgian king’s employ. Evidence of use of Frankish mercenaries by King Bagrat IV of Georgia in the 1060s shows that the use of mercenary companies was a common practice in medieval Georgia. Therefore the presence of the Varangians was not unusual.
The sixteenth century marked the start of the prolonged power struggle between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. The Ottoman invasion of the South Caucasus under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha in 1578 formed a major moment of the Ottoman-Persian Wars of the 16th century. After assembling at Erzurum, the Ottoman army invaded the Georgian principality of Samtskhe, where they encountered and defeated the Safavid forces at the battle of Chaldiran. The Ottoman commander Lala Mustafa Pasha then seized Tiflis (Tbilisi), the capital of the Eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli and extended the Ottoman control to the Kingdom of Kakheti. The Ottomans thus gained an upper hand over the Safavids and managed to secure almost entire southern Caucasia.
Lala Mustafa Pasha’s campaign is well known but some of its aspects require more study, including the question of the size and extent of the Ottoman war effort in the Caucasus. Georgian historiography is replete with references to the vast size of the the Ottoman army that is invariably claimed to have been at least 100,000 and even 300,000 men strong. Yet, such claims are unrealistic. This article seeks to re-examine this issues, incorporating additional sources, including early modern sources that offer differing view of the Ottoman war efforts. These sources are crucial to improving our undertsanding of the early modern Ottoman armies and their logistics.
The Ottoman Empire had a military potential to assemble large forces but almost never in hundreds of thousands. This article examines available evidence on the Ottoman war effort in the Caucasus to explain impracticality of sending a large army to Georgia, notoriously forested and mountanois region. Indeed, according to Ottoman author Munejim Bashi, the entirery of Lala Mustafa Pasha’s force – meaning not just soldiers but also servants and auxilliaries, numbered 100,000. Anonymous sixteenth century Italian chronicler, who seems well acquinted with the Ottoman experiences, is even more judicious of his estimate of the Ottoman army sent to the Caucasus, noting that Mustafa Pasha had just 50,000 soldiers at the start of the campaign.
This paper offers a comparative study of the Sasanian, Byzantine and the nomad peoples’ (the Huns and the Alans) practices and underscores challenges they all had faced when it came to resources and the logistics during the Lazic War. It also draws parallels to later periods based on the Late Ancient and Late Medieval sources that provide additional information about the geography, resources and the enviroment of western Georgia. The Lazic War was one of the principal conflicts in the sixth century and further research of logistics and resource management during this war offers many new insights into warfare of the late antiquity.
Europe. These mercenaries participated in every military campaign waged by the Byzantine emperors in the eleventh century. European mercenaries (whom the Byzantines called “Franks”) served not only in the Byzantine empire,
but in other eastern states as well, including in the Kingdom of Georgia. They fought on the Georgian side at the Battle of Didgori in 1121. Yet their first appearance in Georgia could be attested to about fifty years earlier. According to the Muslim historian Sadr al-Din ʻAli ibn Nasir Husayni (XII-XIII c.), Georgian king Bagrat IV used Frankish troops (al Faranj) against the army of Seljuq sultan Alp-Arslan during his campaign in eastern Georgia in 1068. Several Georgian and foreign historians have associated these mercenaries with the Varangians, who had served in Bagrat IV’s military forces some twenty years earlier. Our research suggests that Sadr al-Din’s “al Faranj” were in fact the Franks, rather than the Varangians.
Based on Byzantine and Muslim sources, this article explores political situation in the Caucasus, Byzantine empire and the Islamic world in the second half of the eleventh century and examines on the presence of military contingents of mercenaries in the Byzantine service. By this time Frankish mercenaries had become an important element in the
Byzantine armies and unlike the Varangians their regiments often served on the eastern border territories (“themes”) of the empire, close to the south borders of the Georgian kingdom. Before the battle of Manzikert (1071), Franks played a central role in military raids and skirmishes that Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes waged against the Seljuq Turks. Some
Frankish leaders, such as Hervé Frankopoulos, Roussel de Bailleul, and Robert Crepin, gained considerable influence at the Byzantine court. Varangians and Franks were well known in the Islamic world and it seems implausible that a well informed historian such as Sadr Al-Din would confuse them.
„The Lazic War: Landscape, Space, Resources” explores the military and socioeconomic history of Caucasia, Near East and the Byzantine Empire in late antiquity and early medieval periods. This study will examine geography and environment of the Lazic Kingdom based on an in-depth and comparative analysis of contemporary and period sources. It will demonstrate how natural environment of Western Georgia has changed since the Lazic War and how conducive natural conditions could have been to large-scale military operations. This thesis will provide insights into military resources the warring sides had utilized, where they were acquired and how they were transported; what lines of communication the warring sides relied upon and how large their armies could have been considering natural constraints of Lazica; what fortresses and towns were crucial to each side and how they were defended, supplied and maintained. This study will also examine how terrain and natural environment had impacted military tactics and strategy and how they shaped military objectives that belligerent sides had set and pursued. This research will contribute greatly to the advancement of the field of military history in Georgia. It will open fresh venues of research and encourage other historians, by utilizing similar approaches and methods, to re-examine other military conflicts in the history of Georgia.
Justinian fought two major wars against Iran over the Caucasus to dominate the Caucasus region, namely, against Iberia in 526-532 and Lazica (Egris) in 541-562. The Lazic War lasted for 21 years and was mainly fought in the Kingdom of Lazica, on the territory of modern western Georgia.
The Lazic war is the central theme of the second book in “Military History of late Antique Georgia”. The work explores the history of this large-scale military confrontation between Iran and Byzantium based on the works of the authors' of late Antique period and modern historical research. The first part of the paper examines the landscape, space and resources of the Lazic War. The second section presents a prosopographic survey of Byzantine commanders. Also, extensive research on the two key episodes of the Lazic war - the siege of Petra and battle of the river Hippis (Tskhenistskali) are included in this part.
of Europe, the dark ages of peoples’ great migration and barbarian invasions. In Europe there has never been a period of demographic, cultural, military and political changes of this scale as in IV-VI centuries. It was the period of Europe’s transformation. In III century, due to the powerful crisis the unity of the Roman Empire started to dismantle. The peoples’ migration, which became the main reason for Rome’ destruction, meant that Scandinavians, the inhabitants of the Baltic Sea shores, the peoples from the distant Russiann steps appeared on the lands, within the Empire. The new Barbarian states were founded.
In V-VI centuries, in Europe and Near East, the rulers of Constantinople
could hardly have equal rivals. Among then the primary one was Sassanian Iran. In the III century, Sassanid dynasty changed the Parthian Arsacids in Iran and they became much stronger opponents to the Romans than the Parthians.
The Sassanian expansion was more powerful and aggressive, which
contributed to Rome’s weakening. The Sassanians waged long wars against East Roman Empire (Byzantium). Sometimes one side was the winner and sometimes the second one. None of them could obtain the decisive victory. From the second half of V century, the signs of the new, great conflicts were revealed between Byzantium and Iran. One of the crucial, decisive points must have been the Caucasus. The Persians needed conquering of Lazica, in order to create a base against Byzantium and to cut off the access to the Sea for fighting against their century – old enemy. At the same they locked the North
Caucasian roads in order to eliminate the possibility for the nomadic tribes to attack the South. Byzantium also had its own aims – to keep the Caucasian kingdoms as their allies and vassals and to acquire a favorable position in respect to Iran. At the same they were also afraid of the danger, coming from the North and they planned to establish control on the Caucasian hills roads. In the condition of such a balance of powers, in Eastern Trans-Caucasus, the advantage was still in favor of Sassanian Iran in the second half of V century. Iberia, being within the interest of two great and powerful states was headed by ‘the great king’ Vakhtang Gorgasal. His reign is interesting from military, political and diplomatic points of view. Despite the limited sources, several centuries later the works of Juansher Juansheriani and the Armenian author of Gorgasali period Lazar Parpetsi are remarkable. They give various, interesting data about Vakhtang. What could the monarch of such a small country do in such a complicated situation if he did not have adequate ability. Evidently, despite his numerous defeats in the confrontation with Iran, at the expense of bloodsheds and diplomatic struggles, he still managed to keep the kingdom for quite a long time.
The research of historical problems of the Caucasus of late antique period, Near East and Europe needs profound work and maximally good reasoning in order to make the profound conclusion, working out all the relevant archaeological and documentary sources and their compliance with the specifics of the late antique period. The study of the surrounding world will enable us to draw historical parallels and supply our history with the additional data about those peoples, with whom we used to have close contacts and who had great impact on Georgia. According to the Georgian and foreign historical sources the presented work extensively views the peculiarities of the military issues of late antique period in the Georgian kingdoms and their neighboring countries, as well as certain details of the Caucasian history of the antique period.
ამ წიგნში, ისტორიულ წყაროებზე, არქეოლოგიურ მასალებსა და სათანადო სამეცნიერო ლიტერატურაზე დაყრდნობით, განხილულია ქართული სამხედრო ხელოვნების ისტორია ანტიკური ხანიდან XVIII საუკუნის ბოლომდე. თითოეული ეპოქის სამხედრო საქმის, შეიარაღების, ტაქტიკის განხილვის შემდეგ, მოცემულია ამა თუ იმ პერიოდის მნიშვნელოვანი ბრძოლები, რომელიც წარმოდგენას გვიქმნის ამ დროის სამხედრო საქმეზე და განსაკუთრებული ადგილი უჭირავს საქართველოს სამხედრო ისტორიაში.
„სტრატაგემები" მნიშვნელოვანი წყაროა ანტიკური ევროპისა და ახლო აღმოსავლეთის ისტორიის შესასწავლად. მასში თავმოყრილია ცნობები ძველი მსოფლიოს გამოჩენილი სამხედრო მოღვაწეების, ალექსანდრე მაკედონელის, ჰანიბალის, სციპიონის, კეისრის, პომპეუსის და სხვა ცნობილი სარ��ლების მოღვაწეობაზე, მათ ლაშქრობებზე, ტაქტიკა-სტრატეგიაზე, საველე, საალყო, საზღვაო ბრძოლებზე და წარმოადგენს ერთგვარ ანტიკურ სამხედრო სახელმძღვანელოს, კრებულს, რომლის მიხედვითაც სარდალმა უნდა იხელმძღვანელოს. ქართულენოვან გამოცემას დართული აქვს ვრცელი სამეცნიერო შესავალი და კომენტარები.
Annotated Georgian-language translation of Napoleon's memoir on the siege and capture of Toulon in 1793.
თარგმანი: ალექსანდრე მიქაბერიძე, ნიკა ხოფერია
თარგმანი ლათინურიდან - თეოდორა ყარალაშვილი
რედაქტირება, შესავალი, სამეცნიერო კომენტარები - ნიკა ხოფერია