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- The Coal Creek War was an early 1890s armed labor uprising in the southeastern United States that took place primarily in Anderson County, Tennessee. This labor conflict ignited during 1891 when coal mine owners in the Coal Creek watershed began to remove and replace their company-employed, private coal miners then on the payroll with convict laborers leased out by the Tennessee state prison system. These former wage-earning Coal Creek coal miners repeatedly attacked and burned both state prison stockades and mine properties, all while releasing hundreds of the state convict laborers from their bondage to the mine companies. Many of these same Coal Creek coal miners were also wounded or killed in small-arms skirmishes during the Coal Creek War, along with dozens of Tennessee state militiamen. One historian describes the Coal Creek War as "one of the most dramatic and significant episodes in all American labor history." The Coal Creek War was itself part of a greater labor struggle across Tennessee that was launched against the state government's controversial convict-leasing system, which allowed the state prison system to lease convict labor to mining companies (and other business enterprises) with the effect of suppressing employee wages in the open market across the state. The outbreak of this labor conflict touched off a partisan media firestorm between the miners' supporters and detractors and brought the issue of convict leasing to the public debate. Although the Coal Creek War essentially ended with the arrests of hundreds of former company coal miners during 1892, the adverse exposure that this state conflict with private labor generated nationwide led to the downfall of Governor John P. Buchanan, and forced the Tennessee General Assembly to reconsider its state convict labor-leasing system. The Tennessee state government later refused to renew its convict labor-lease contracts with private businesses upon the arrival at the 1896 expiration dates, making Tennessee one of the first states within the southern United States to end this controversial practice. (en)
- La guerre de Coal Creek est un soulèvement armé de mineurs qui se déroule principalement dans le comté d'Anderson (Tennessee), au début des années 1890. La lutte commence, en 1891, lorsque les propriétaires de mines de charbon de (en) tentent de remplacer les mineurs libres par des forçats loués à l'État dans le cadre des travaux forcés. Sur une période d'un peu plus d'un an, les mineurs libres attaquent et incendient des bâtiments carcéraux et administratifs, des centaines de détenus sont libérés, et des dizaines de mineurs et de miliciens sont tués ou blessés dans des accrochages. Perry Cotham, historien américain, décrit le conflit comme l'un des épisodes les plus dramatiques et importants de toute l'histoire du travail américain. La guerre de Coal Creek s'inscrit dans le contexte plus large de la lutte contre le système de location controversé des forçats dans l'État du Tennessee, qui entre en concurrence avec le travail libre. Ce conflit déclenche une tempête médiatique entre les partisans et les détracteurs des mineurs, et soulève la question de la location des forçats dans l’opinion publique. Bien que le soulèvement ait pris fin avec l'arrestation de centaines de mineurs en 1892, la tempête dans l'opinion publique conduit à la chute du gouverneur John P. Buchanan, et contraint l'État à reconsid��rer le système de location des forçats. En 1896, lorsque ses contrats de location ont expiré, le gouvernement de l'État du Tennessee a refusé de les renouveler, ce qui en fait l'un des premiers États du Sud à mettre fin à cette pratique controversée. (fr)
- A Guerra de Coal Creek, foi um conflito armado ocorrido no início dos anos 1890, no sudeste dos Estados Unidos, no estado do Tennessee. O conflito teve início durante 1891, quando proprietários de minas de carvão da bacia hidrográfica de Coal Creek, começaram a demitir e substituir seus funcionários por trabalhadores alugados vindos das penitenciarias estaduais do Tennessee. Esses ex-funcionários das minas de carvão passaram a atacar e incendiar os alojamentos que abrigavam os presos, assim como as próprias minas das quais eram funcionários. Esse movimento terminou em conflitos armados, contra as milícias do estado do Tennessee, deixando vários mortos de ambos os lados.A Guerra de Coal Creek, ficou marcada na história dos Estados Unidos, como um dos eventos mais dramáticos e significantes relacionados a rebeliões trabalhistas. A Guerra de Coal Creek foi em si, parte dos esforços trabalhistas para derrubar as medidas adotadas pelo estado, que passou a alocar presidiários para trabalhar nas indústrias do estado, tirando assim o emprego de muitos trabalhadores que passaram a ser substituídos por essa nova mão de obra sem custos. Embora os ex-funcionários das mineradoras, em sua grande maioria terminaram presos ao fim dos conflitos, a exposição adversa do conflito contribuiu para a queda do governador John P. Buchanan, e forçou a assembleia geral do estado do Tennesse a reconsiderar a prática de alocação de funcionários advindos do sistema prisional. Em 1896, tal prática foi abolida no estado, após a não renovação do contrato que permitia que fosse realizado. O Tennessee, foi o primeiro dos estados sulistas a revogar tal prática. (pt)
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- The Coal Creek War was an early 1890s armed labor uprising in the southeastern United States that took place primarily in Anderson County, Tennessee. This labor conflict ignited during 1891 when coal mine owners in the Coal Creek watershed began to remove and replace their company-employed, private coal miners then on the payroll with convict laborers leased out by the Tennessee state prison system. One historian describes the Coal Creek War as "one of the most dramatic and significant episodes in all American labor history." (en)
- La guerre de Coal Creek est un soulèvement armé de mineurs qui se déroule principalement dans le comté d'Anderson (Tennessee), au début des années 1890. La lutte commence, en 1891, lorsque les propriétaires de mines de charbon de (en) tentent de remplacer les mineurs libres par des forçats loués à l'État dans le cadre des travaux forcés. Sur une période d'un peu plus d'un an, les mineurs libres attaquent et incendient des bâtiments carcéraux et administratifs, des centaines de détenus sont libérés, et des dizaines de mineurs et de miliciens sont tués ou blessés dans des accrochages. Perry Cotham, historien américain, décrit le conflit comme l'un des épisodes les plus dramatiques et importants de toute l'histoire du travail américain. (fr)
- A Guerra de Coal Creek, foi um conflito armado ocorrido no início dos anos 1890, no sudeste dos Estados Unidos, no estado do Tennessee. O conflito teve início durante 1891, quando proprietários de minas de carvão da bacia hidrográfica de Coal Creek, começaram a demitir e substituir seus funcionários por trabalhadores alugados vindos das penitenciarias estaduais do Tennessee. (pt)
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