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- A bait ball, or baitball, occurs when small fish swarm in a tightly packed spherical formation about a common centre. It is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by small schooling fish when they are threatened by predators. Small schooling fish are eaten by many types of predators, and for this reason they are called bait fish or forage fish. For example, sardines group together when they are threatened. This instinctual behaviour is a defence mechanism, as lone individuals are more likely to be eaten than an individual in a large group. Sardine bait balls can be 10–20 metres in diameter and extend to a depth of 10 metres. The bait balls are short-lived and seldom last longer than 10 minutes. However, bait balls are also conspicuous, and when schooling fish form a bait ball, they can draw the attention of many other predators. As a response to the defensive capabilities of schooling fish, some predators have developed sophisticated countermeasures. These countermeasures can be spectacularly successful, and can seriously undermine the defensive value of forming bait balls. (en)
- Bola umpan terjadi saat sekawanan ikan kecil membentuk formasi bundar. Tindakan tersebut adalah sebuah tindakan pertahanan terakhir yang dilakukan oleh kecil saat mereka terancam oleh para predator. Ikan berkelompok kecil disantap oleh banyak jenis predator, dan untuk alasan itu, mereka disebut ikan umpan atau ikan mangsa. (in)
- ベイト・ボール（bait ball, baitball）は、魚類がつくる球形群。被捕食者が捕食者から身を守るためにつくる場合が多いが、群れをなすことで目立つため、捕食者に見つかりやすくなる。 (ja)
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- Bar jacks working a small bait ball (en)
- Edge of a large baitball (en)
- Sardine bait ball (en)
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- Amazing bait balls & predatory fishermen BBC (en)
- Bait Ball Feast The Great Feast, BBC (en)
- Bluefin tuna eat bait ball National Geographic (en)
- Fish bait ball in open water Blue Planet, BBC (en)
- Marlin & Tuna Feeding Blue Planet: Open Seas (en)
- Marlin feeding on sardine ball YouTube (en)
- Shearwater attack! – Blue Planet BBC Wildlife (en)
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- Bola umpan terjadi saat sekawanan ikan kecil membentuk formasi bundar. Tindakan tersebut adalah sebuah tindakan pertahanan terakhir yang dilakukan oleh kecil saat mereka terancam oleh para predator. Ikan berkelompok kecil disantap oleh banyak jenis predator, dan untuk alasan itu, mereka disebut ikan umpan atau ikan mangsa. (in)
- ベイト・ボール（bait ball, baitball）は、魚類がつくる球形群。被捕食者が捕食者から身を守るためにつくる場合が多いが、群れをなすことで目立つため、捕食者に見つかりやすくなる。 (ja)
- A bait ball, or baitball, occurs when small fish swarm in a tightly packed spherical formation about a common centre. It is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by small schooling fish when they are threatened by predators. Small schooling fish are eaten by many types of predators, and for this reason they are called bait fish or forage fish. (en)
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- Bait ball (en)
- Bola umpan (in)
- ベイト・ボール (ja)
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