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2017, Advances in Astrophysics
A new theory of the formation of the Moon predominantly from Earth material, combined with the recent discovery of surface water reopens the possibility that microbial life might exist close to the lunar surface.
There are severe impacts of manmade pollutions which destroying the environment. Since the industrial revolution the sources of water and food have been polluted by our hands. With increasing the world's population exponentially the environment has been profoundly affected and the Earth can no longer hold out... it can't resist anymore. Because of all of this; scientists began to think about invasion Space, to start a new clear life. Moon is the closest cosmic neighbor, and humans are exploring its surface ever since they first developed telescopes. Discovering of large quantities of water on the Moon will have very significant implications for human habitation away from our poor, helpless and powerless Earth. Recently, several investigations were carried out for answering these following key questions; is the composition of the Moon is suitable for life? If there is water on the Moon, what is the quantity of this water and where are its locations? Also the suitability of this water for living! In which form water existing on the Moon?! The present study aims to review the answers of these critical key questions, through reviewing the recent researches in this field which were carried out by space agencies and scientists.
Published in the Science and Technology Journal - UK.
The Controversy over the Presence of Water on the Moon2012 •
"This paper examines the evidence of water on the Moon, starting with the Apollo missions and leading through to January of 2012 with the LRO’s latest findings. This essay details the lunar missions that made the most significant contributions to the existence of water on the Moon. "The Controversy over the Presence of Water on the Moon," has passed the peer review process with the Institute of Science and Technology's Journal and will be published in October's 2012 edition of the journal."
Earth-Science Reviews
Half a century after the first bootprint on the lunar surface: The ichnological side of the Moon2021 •
Conference: National Student Conference of Physics and Engineering Technologies 30 November-01 December 2018, Plovdiv University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Forming of the Moon2018 •
Gentlemen, all of you undoubtedly have seen the Moon-or at least have heard about it". These words of Jules Verne, published in the book of Zdenek Kopal "The realm of the terrestrial planets" (1990) clearly show the writer`s sarcasm towards the people who have never thought about the importance of the Moon and its influence on the Earth. The Moon is the first better studied cosmic body from the people. From prehistoric times determination of the Moon phases was used for navigation and as a measurement for time. The month has become a measure before the ancient people began to definite the year using location of the Sun. The Moon is the reason for the ebbs and flows, for the monthly cycle of life of many organisms. In a strange way the Moon protects us from a big part of the cosmic invaders by taking the hits of the cosmic bodies with her opposite side. With one word, the Moon gives a very quick answer to one question, which is highly ignored by the self-confident representatives of the modern mankind, and namely: Do the cosmic bodies influence the life on planet Earth? There are few hypothesizes about the creation of the Moon which we won`t try to confute and only will give their deserved place. For example the Moon was an accidentally passing near the Earth cosmic body which was caught from the planet`s gravitation. Or that the Moon was created from the primary cosmic cloud of the Solar System, and was established formed with the Earth taking the place of a second bigger core (Polikarpov, 1948). Another popular hypothesis of the 21 century is a catastrophic scenario about a crash between planet Earth and a cosmic body the size of planet Mars, which was divided from the Earth`s matter, and created the Moon (Wikipedia). The same scenario became popular also for the concept of the dinosaurs disappearance after a collision with a comet or a meteor. One of the most logical hypothesizes actually is the oldest and namely the Moon was created as a result of the rotation of the Earth matter was divided as a result of the centrifugal forces and at the place of separation a huge hole was formed which was filled by an ocean. We would like to describe our idea about this fundamental for science question-How was created the Moon and why it is so important for us? When we discuss a hypothesizes usually indirect proves and facts should be used, which are authentic and logically bounded. There are not wrong hypothesizes, but there are hypothesizes which are supported with few facts or non-confirmed with experimental tests, as well as hypothesizes better proved with them. Hypothesis comes from ancient Greek language and means-suggested explanation of specific phenomenon. For this reason we propose the hypothesis and after which the discussion on it. Hypothesis: The Earth was created from the primary cosmic matter-gases and dust, after the condensation of matter around a kernel-center before about 4,54 billion years and was formed as a separate planet in the Solar System. Nothing new so far. After the cooling of the Earth the planet became solid enough and the gravitation and centrifugal forces became stronger, but the Earth was still melted magma, which was similar to dough. As a result of the centrifugal forces a part of light melted magma began to separate itself in single body similar to butter producing in oil-factories. This fraction is logical to be separated at that place where the centrifugal forces were the strongest at that time-at the equator. At the same time this light fraction of magma moved to the upper part of the planet`s mantle as the Earth`s crust was not well formed. When this fraction was thick enough it began to separate as independent body under the influence of the centrifugal forces and it overcame gravity and was divided from the Earth's "dough". It has happened before about 20 million years after creation of the Earth and about 50 million years after creation of the Solar System. This way the Moon goes on her own cosmic way in the Universe as she continues to take away from the Earth, but it is suggested that this is a two way moving. Still nothing new till now. We suggest that the majority of planets in the Solar System were created this way, through separation of matter as a result of the Sun`s rotation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Nominally hydrous magmatism on the Moon2010 •
For the past 40 years, the Moon has been described as nearly devoid of indigenous water; however, evidence for water both on the lunar surface and within the lunar interior have recently emerged, calling into question this long-standing lunar dogma. In the present study, hydroxyl (as well as fluoride and chloride) was analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry in apatite [Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (F,Cl,OH)] from three different lunar samples in order to obtain quantitative constraints on the abundance of water in the lunar interior. This work confirms that hundreds to thousands of ppm water (of the structural form hydroxyl) is present in apatite from the Moon. Moreover, two of the studied samples likely had water preserved from magmatic processes, which would qualify the water as being indigenous to the Moon. The presence of hydroxyl in apatite from a number of different types of lunar rocks indicates that water may be ubiquitous within the lunar interior, potentially as early as the time of...
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