Apigenin is a flavonoid belonging to a flavone subclass that is reported to have many benefits an... more Apigenin is a flavonoid belonging to a flavone subclass that is reported to have many benefits and less toxic than other flavonoid groups. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate antinephrolithiasis activity of modified Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) apigenin formulas with Soluplus® and Kollidon® VA 64 polymers in rats. Method: In this study, rats were administered ethylene glycol 0.75% and ammonium chloride 2% as inducing agents for formation of kidney stone. Rats in each group were given the formulas of apigenin without HME, or apigenin with HME soluplus® polymer and apigenin with HME Kollidon® VA 64 polymer every day for seven days. The concentration of calcium oxalate in the kidney and the urine was measured using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Urine volume and urine pH were also measured. Result: The results of this study indicated that the apigenin formulas with HME soluplus® polymers can shed kidney stones at a dose of 4.8mg/kg of body weight. Its effect...
Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) merupakan tanaman suku Zingiberaceae yang memiliki potensi sebagai... more Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) merupakan tanaman suku Zingiberaceae yang memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan sitotoksik terhadap larva udang dari ekstrak daun, bunga, dan rimpang kecombrang, serta menetapkan kadar senyawa fenol totalnya. Sampel daun, bunga, dan rimpang kecombrang dimaserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70% selama 3x24 jam dalam suhu ruangan. Ekstrak yang didapat selanjutnya dievaporasi pada suhu 50 0C sehingga menghasilkan ekstrak kental. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas 1,1-difenil-2-pikrihidrazil (DPPH), dan uji sitotoksik menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Scrimp Lethality Test). Penetapan kadar fenol total dengan standar asam galat menggunakan reagen Folin Ciocalteu yang diukur dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 765 nm. Aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak daun, bunga, dan rimpang kecombrang ditunjukkan oleh nilai IC50 masing-masing 52,05; 457,54; d...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2021
Poor bioavailability is one of the most significant problems in the delivery of the ocular drug s... more Poor bioavailability is one of the most significant problems in the delivery of the ocular drug system. Ophthalmic ointments, solutions and suspensions are the most frequently used dosage forms to treat ocular disease, and their effectiveness as a drug are compromised by several limitations that lead to poor ocular bioavailability. In situ gel is one of the most promising strategy and solutions to improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. The purpose of this review is to discuss the formulation and characterization of in situ gel. This review is written based on the data or information obtained by using several search engines and several scientific journals, focused on Poloxamer 407 and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) bases combination. Active ingredients to treat ocular disease such as Ciprofloxacin, Fluconazole and Ofloxacin can be formulated with the combination of Poloxamer 407 as polymer gelling agent and HPMC as viscosity enhancer to produce good quality in situ gel ...
The investigation efforts of an alternative treatment of the kidney stone disease by utilizing In... more The investigation efforts of an alternative treatment of the kidney stone disease by utilizing Indonesian native plants have still continued both for treatment and prevention. This study aims to strengthen the scientific evidence of the activity of celery as an anticalculi by in vivo assessment using hydroxyprolineinduced rat method. The white male wistar rats used in this study were intraperitoneally induced by hydroxyproline in order to form kidney stones, the celery extract preparations were then given at a dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight orally for 5 days and observed following parameters: concentration of filtrate urinary calcium, concentration of urinary sediment calcium, as well as kidney to body weight ratio. The results showed that the concentration of filtrate urinary calcium in the test group at a dose of 200 mg/ kg body weight was significantly higher than those of negative control group, whereas the other test groups were not significantly different with t...
Pakis tangkur merupakan tanaman obat tradisional yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk m... more Pakis tangkur merupakan tanaman obat tradisional yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk mengobati penyakit reumatik. Tanaman ini tumbuh di area pegunungan talaga bodas, Garut. Penelitian sebelumnya, melaporkan bahwa senyawa Shellegueain A yang terkandung dalam akar pakis tangkur yang berasal dari pegunungan Tangkuban Perahu efektif sebagai analgetik. Namun, dalam bentuk sediaan ekstrak yang secara umum merupakan sediaan yang paling banyak digunakan secara tradisional oleh masyarakat belum dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas analgetik ekstrak etanol dosis 100, 200 dan 400 mg/kg serta fraksi n-heksan, etil asetat dan air dosis 50, 100 dan 200 mg/kg dengan metode geliat (siegmund) dan metode panas (hot plate). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol menghasilkan jumlah geliat hewan sebesar 85,5; 68,45 dan 77,35 kali dengan nilai persen proteksi 71,78; 77,4 dan 74,5 %. Sediaan fraksi n-heksan sebesar 90,45; 78,7 dan 85,95 kali (nilai persen proteksi...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2021
Objective: Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) is one of the techniques for preparing a solid dispersion hyd... more Objective: Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) is one of the techniques for preparing a solid dispersion hydrophilic excipient known as a no solvents practical method to increase the solubility of drugs. Apigenin (APG) has properties that thermal stable with melting point 345-350 °C but very low solubility in the water around 1,35 µg/ml. The polymer is stable in the HME method are Soluplus and Kollidon VA 64. The study aims to optimize the kind of polymer in HME formulae to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of apigenin by solid dispersion using hot-melt extrusion. Methods: Apigenin 10–50% w/w and Kollidon®VA 64 or Soluplus® and combination of Kollidon®VA 64 and Soluplus® were mixed, and the resulting blends extruded using a twin-screw extruder (Teach-Line ZK25T). Characterization of apigenin extrudates conducted using scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, and d...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2021
Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the isotonicity of chloramphenicol ophthal... more Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the isotonicity of chloramphenicol ophthalmic in situ gel and to know the irritating effect of its in the eyes of test animals, so it can be to maximize absorption of the drug in the eye, minimize drug loss before corneal penetration and safe to used. Methods: This study were started by making four aseptic formulations of in situ gel preparations with a comparison of the baseline concentrations of different Poloxamer 407 and HPMC, F1 (5: 0.45), F2 (10: 0.45), F3 (5: 1) and F4 (10: 1). Four aseptic of in situ gel preparations, followed by a qualitative isotonicity test using blood cells to see the comparison between control and test preparations, and ocular irritation test using the draize test method to determine the presence or absence of the irritation. Results: The results obtained from the isotonicity test showed that the four preparations have normal blood cells that similar with isotonic control solution; therefore, it can...
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 2021
Ricin is the most toxic substance isolated from Ricinus communis L. seeds. It is a heterodimeric ... more Ricin is the most toxic substance isolated from Ricinus communis L. seeds. It is a heterodimeric twodomain polypeptide protein that includes chain A (30 kDa) and chain B (35 kDa) linked by a disulfide bond. Ricin binds to cells by the B chain and is then internalized. Ricin has been reported as a potential chemical for cancer treatment. The measurement of protein concentration in an aqueous sample is an important assay in biochemistry research. However, so far, the quantification of ricin protein is not much reported. In this study, the quantification of ricin protein extracted from R. communis L. from Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia, the techniques purification was used column liquid chromatography (CLC) and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), followed by quantification protein content using the Bradford method. Results showed that all purification techniques positively confirm the presence of ricin protein. Ricin protein content was 0.171±0.021 mg/mL and 0.382±0.023 mg/mL usi...
Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of nutmeg (Myristica f... more Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seed essential oil on the locomotor activity of mice in a wheel cage. Active compounds in the essential oil were identified by off-line solid phase extraction (SPE-C18) and GC/MS analysis. The essential oil was administered by inhalation at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mL/cage. The results showed that inhalation of nutmeg seed essential oil at a dose of 0.5 mL/cage decreased locomotion by 68.62%; and inhalation of 0.1 and 0.3 mL/cage inhibited locomotion by 62.81 % and 65.33%, respectively. Generally, larger doses and longer administrations of nutmeg seed essential oil exhibited greater locomotor inhibition. Subsequently, the plasma concentrations of essential oil compounds were measured. The most concentrated compound in the plasma was myristicin. Half an hour after the addition of 1 mL/cage of nutmeg seed oil, the plasma concentration of myristicin was 3.7 �g/mL; one and ...
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
Kulit batang trengguli (Cassia fistula L) mengandung senyawa yang bersifat antioksidan yang dapat... more Kulit batang trengguli (Cassia fistula L) mengandung senyawa yang bersifat antioksidan yang dapat ditentukan dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas 1,1-Difenil-2- Pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui adanya peredaman radikal bebas DPPH oleh ekstrak etanol kulit batang trengguli (EEKBT), fraksi Etil asetat (FEAKBT), fraksi n-Heksan (FnHKBT), fraksi air (FAKBT) dan vitamin C sebagai pembanding. Identifikasi golongan senyawa dilakukan dengan penapisan fitokimia. Fraksinasi dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair dengan tingkat kepolaran yang berbeda. Aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan peredaman warna radikal bebas DPPH menggunakan spektrofotometri UVVis. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas antioksidan paling baik dengan nilai IC50 3,980 μg/ml dibandingkan vitamin C 4,716 μg/ml. Sedangkan nilai IC50 ekstrak etanaol, fraksi n-heksan, fraksi air adalah 10,613 μg/ml, 38,904 μg/ml dan 7,636 μg/ml terhadap peredaman warna DPPH...
Erythrina plants, locally known as “dadap ayam”, are higher plant species and have been used as a... more Erythrina plants, locally known as “dadap ayam”, are higher plant species and have been used as a folk medicine for treatment of cancer. To prove the effectiveness of the leaves and stem bark of E. variegata as an anti-cancer agent, the assay in this research was focused on in vitro test towards breast cancer cell T47D. In the course of our continuing search for novel anti-cancer agent from Erythrina plants, the methanol extract of the leaves and stem bark of E. variegata showed significant anti-cancer activity against breast cancer cell T47D in vitro using the Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. By using the anti-cancer activity to follow the separations, the methanol extract was separated by combination of column chromatography. The chemical structure of an anti-cancer compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with the previously reported and identified as an erythrina alkaloid (1) and isoflavonoid (2). Compounds (1-2) showed anti-cancer activity a...
Phaleria macrocarpa, locally named mahkota dewa, is known as a medicinal plant in Indonesia. Frui... more Phaleria macrocarpa, locally named mahkota dewa, is known as a medicinal plant in Indonesia. Fruits of this plant are traditionally used in treatment of cancer diseases. Several substances were isolated from mahkota dewa fruits. A benzophenone glucoside, 4,6`-dihydroxy-4`-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-glucoside, has been isolated from an ethyl acetate fraction of mahkota dewa fruits. The structure of this compound was determined based on the analysis of UV, IR, NMR and MS spectral data. Antiproliferative activity was measured on human cervical cancer cells (HeLa and CasKi) and human esophageal cancer cells (TE-2, TE-8, and TE-14) by MTT assay. The result of this study showed that at concentration of 500 ?g/mL, benzophenone glucoside derived from mahkota dewa didnt reach CPI50 to all tested cells. Those CPI50 were 34 ?g/mL (HeLa), 32 ?g/mL (CasKi), 33.91 ?g/mL (TE-2) , 35.43 ?g/mL (TE-8), 43.04 ?g/mL (TE-14). There were no significantly differences (? = 0.5) of this activity among HeLa, Ca...
Abstrak . Radikal bebas dianggap sebagai penyebab terjadinya kerusakan fungsi sel-sel tubuh bahka... more Abstrak . Radikal bebas dianggap sebagai penyebab terjadinya kerusakan fungsi sel-sel tubuh bahkan kematian sel. Oleh karena itu, tubuh manusia membutuhkan suatu substansi penting yakni antioksidan yang dapat melindungi tubuh dari serangan radikal bebas. Meningat semakin banyaknya radikal bebas yang berasal dari lingkungan, maka diperlukan antioksidan dari luar tubuh yang dapat diperoleh baik dari senyawa sintetik atau subtansi bahan alam antara lain dari tumbuhan. Telah dilakukan uji aktivitas antioksidan terhadap ekstrak etanol daun jambu air (Eugenia aqueum) dengan menggunakan metode carotene bleaching secara in vitro. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun jambu air (Eugenia aquea) pada konsentrasi 0,5 g/L dan 0,25 g/L b/v memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai aktivitas antioksidan masing-masing sebesar 21,14 % dan 75,08 %.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is one of the herbal plants from Indonesia. Kratom plants have severa... more Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is one of the herbal plants from Indonesia. Kratom plants have several benefits overcoming diarrhea, increase endurance, and deal with pain. Kratom leaf has several pharmacological effects, one of which is antioxidant. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of kratom leaf ethanol extract using the 1.1-Diphenyl-2-Pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) method expressed by IC50 values. Kratom leaves were extracted by the 3x24 hour remaceration method using 70% ethanol solvent, then concentrated with a rotary evaporator at 40 ° C, followed by an oven at a temperature (40-50) ° C to obtain a thick extract. Kratom leaf extract contains alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, tannins,and saponins. The antioxidant activity test was carried out with qualitative and quantitative tests.The qualitative antioxidant test was carried out using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7: 3) eluent, followed by DPPH spraying,which showed positive res...
The process of developing temulawak starch has not been done much, especially in the cosmetics fi... more The process of developing temulawak starch has not been done much, especially in the cosmetics field. Temulawak rhizome extraction to produce starch was done by smoothing the temulawak rhizome, then squeezed. After that the juice that had been obtained was soaked with solvent for 2 days and the replacement of the solvent was done once a day. The end result was dried and used as a basic ingredient in making face protection skin powder. The production of the sprinkled powder and cold powder from temulawak starch as a basic ingredient was then evaluated (organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, particle size distribution and in vitro effectiveness test (determination of SPF value). Organoleptically, the springkled powder and cold powder with temulawak starch as an ingredient the superiority could be recognized from the color without the addition of coloring agent. The F1 sprinkled powder was olive powder with SPF value 13.99, and the F2 sprinkled powder was ivory/cream yellow with SPF value...
Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS, 2021
Background and Objective: Etlingera alba (Blume) A.D. Poulsen is one of the plants of the genus E... more Background and Objective: Etlingera alba (Blume) A.D. Poulsen is one of the plants of the genus Etlingera which is commonly found in Southeast Sulawesi. The research is still lacking, thus, we assumed other species related to E. alba, specifically from the genus Etlingera that provides antioxidant and radical scavenging activity, namely Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith. Thus, this study aimed to assess the antioxidant and toxicity activity as well as its secondary metabolites. Materials and Methods: Etlingera alba rhizome was extracted with 96% ethanol. The radical scavenging activity was assayed with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and antioxidant activity was assayed with 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulphonate (ABTS) assay for radical cation decolourization in vitro. Both Ascorbic Acid (AA) and Trolox were used as positive control. The secondary metabolites were identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and LSMS/MS analyzed the difference between compoun...
Apigenin is a flavonoid belonging to a flavone subclass that is reported to have many benefits an... more Apigenin is a flavonoid belonging to a flavone subclass that is reported to have many benefits and less toxic than other flavonoid groups. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate antinephrolithiasis activity of modified Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) apigenin formulas with Soluplus® and Kollidon® VA 64 polymers in rats. Method: In this study, rats were administered ethylene glycol 0.75% and ammonium chloride 2% as inducing agents for formation of kidney stone. Rats in each group were given the formulas of apigenin without HME, or apigenin with HME soluplus® polymer and apigenin with HME Kollidon® VA 64 polymer every day for seven days. The concentration of calcium oxalate in the kidney and the urine was measured using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Urine volume and urine pH were also measured. Result: The results of this study indicated that the apigenin formulas with HME soluplus® polymers can shed kidney stones at a dose of 4.8mg/kg of body weight. Its effect...
Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) merupakan tanaman suku Zingiberaceae yang memiliki potensi sebagai... more Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) merupakan tanaman suku Zingiberaceae yang memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan sitotoksik terhadap larva udang dari ekstrak daun, bunga, dan rimpang kecombrang, serta menetapkan kadar senyawa fenol totalnya. Sampel daun, bunga, dan rimpang kecombrang dimaserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70% selama 3x24 jam dalam suhu ruangan. Ekstrak yang didapat selanjutnya dievaporasi pada suhu 50 0C sehingga menghasilkan ekstrak kental. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas 1,1-difenil-2-pikrihidrazil (DPPH), dan uji sitotoksik menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Scrimp Lethality Test). Penetapan kadar fenol total dengan standar asam galat menggunakan reagen Folin Ciocalteu yang diukur dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 765 nm. Aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak daun, bunga, dan rimpang kecombrang ditunjukkan oleh nilai IC50 masing-masing 52,05; 457,54; d...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2021
Poor bioavailability is one of the most significant problems in the delivery of the ocular drug s... more Poor bioavailability is one of the most significant problems in the delivery of the ocular drug system. Ophthalmic ointments, solutions and suspensions are the most frequently used dosage forms to treat ocular disease, and their effectiveness as a drug are compromised by several limitations that lead to poor ocular bioavailability. In situ gel is one of the most promising strategy and solutions to improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. The purpose of this review is to discuss the formulation and characterization of in situ gel. This review is written based on the data or information obtained by using several search engines and several scientific journals, focused on Poloxamer 407 and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) bases combination. Active ingredients to treat ocular disease such as Ciprofloxacin, Fluconazole and Ofloxacin can be formulated with the combination of Poloxamer 407 as polymer gelling agent and HPMC as viscosity enhancer to produce good quality in situ gel ...
The investigation efforts of an alternative treatment of the kidney stone disease by utilizing In... more The investigation efforts of an alternative treatment of the kidney stone disease by utilizing Indonesian native plants have still continued both for treatment and prevention. This study aims to strengthen the scientific evidence of the activity of celery as an anticalculi by in vivo assessment using hydroxyprolineinduced rat method. The white male wistar rats used in this study were intraperitoneally induced by hydroxyproline in order to form kidney stones, the celery extract preparations were then given at a dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight orally for 5 days and observed following parameters: concentration of filtrate urinary calcium, concentration of urinary sediment calcium, as well as kidney to body weight ratio. The results showed that the concentration of filtrate urinary calcium in the test group at a dose of 200 mg/ kg body weight was significantly higher than those of negative control group, whereas the other test groups were not significantly different with t...
Pakis tangkur merupakan tanaman obat tradisional yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk m... more Pakis tangkur merupakan tanaman obat tradisional yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat untuk mengobati penyakit reumatik. Tanaman ini tumbuh di area pegunungan talaga bodas, Garut. Penelitian sebelumnya, melaporkan bahwa senyawa Shellegueain A yang terkandung dalam akar pakis tangkur yang berasal dari pegunungan Tangkuban Perahu efektif sebagai analgetik. Namun, dalam bentuk sediaan ekstrak yang secara umum merupakan sediaan yang paling banyak digunakan secara tradisional oleh masyarakat belum dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas analgetik ekstrak etanol dosis 100, 200 dan 400 mg/kg serta fraksi n-heksan, etil asetat dan air dosis 50, 100 dan 200 mg/kg dengan metode geliat (siegmund) dan metode panas (hot plate). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol menghasilkan jumlah geliat hewan sebesar 85,5; 68,45 dan 77,35 kali dengan nilai persen proteksi 71,78; 77,4 dan 74,5 %. Sediaan fraksi n-heksan sebesar 90,45; 78,7 dan 85,95 kali (nilai persen proteksi...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2021
Objective: Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) is one of the techniques for preparing a solid dispersion hyd... more Objective: Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) is one of the techniques for preparing a solid dispersion hydrophilic excipient known as a no solvents practical method to increase the solubility of drugs. Apigenin (APG) has properties that thermal stable with melting point 345-350 °C but very low solubility in the water around 1,35 µg/ml. The polymer is stable in the HME method are Soluplus and Kollidon VA 64. The study aims to optimize the kind of polymer in HME formulae to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of apigenin by solid dispersion using hot-melt extrusion. Methods: Apigenin 10–50% w/w and Kollidon®VA 64 or Soluplus® and combination of Kollidon®VA 64 and Soluplus® were mixed, and the resulting blends extruded using a twin-screw extruder (Teach-Line ZK25T). Characterization of apigenin extrudates conducted using scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, and d...
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2021
Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the isotonicity of chloramphenicol ophthal... more Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the isotonicity of chloramphenicol ophthalmic in situ gel and to know the irritating effect of its in the eyes of test animals, so it can be to maximize absorption of the drug in the eye, minimize drug loss before corneal penetration and safe to used. Methods: This study were started by making four aseptic formulations of in situ gel preparations with a comparison of the baseline concentrations of different Poloxamer 407 and HPMC, F1 (5: 0.45), F2 (10: 0.45), F3 (5: 1) and F4 (10: 1). Four aseptic of in situ gel preparations, followed by a qualitative isotonicity test using blood cells to see the comparison between control and test preparations, and ocular irritation test using the draize test method to determine the presence or absence of the irritation. Results: The results obtained from the isotonicity test showed that the four preparations have normal blood cells that similar with isotonic control solution; therefore, it can...
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 2021
Ricin is the most toxic substance isolated from Ricinus communis L. seeds. It is a heterodimeric ... more Ricin is the most toxic substance isolated from Ricinus communis L. seeds. It is a heterodimeric twodomain polypeptide protein that includes chain A (30 kDa) and chain B (35 kDa) linked by a disulfide bond. Ricin binds to cells by the B chain and is then internalized. Ricin has been reported as a potential chemical for cancer treatment. The measurement of protein concentration in an aqueous sample is an important assay in biochemistry research. However, so far, the quantification of ricin protein is not much reported. In this study, the quantification of ricin protein extracted from R. communis L. from Nganjuk, East Java, Indonesia, the techniques purification was used column liquid chromatography (CLC) and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), followed by quantification protein content using the Bradford method. Results showed that all purification techniques positively confirm the presence of ricin protein. Ricin protein content was 0.171±0.021 mg/mL and 0.382±0.023 mg/mL usi...
Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of nutmeg (Myristica f... more Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seed essential oil on the locomotor activity of mice in a wheel cage. Active compounds in the essential oil were identified by off-line solid phase extraction (SPE-C18) and GC/MS analysis. The essential oil was administered by inhalation at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mL/cage. The results showed that inhalation of nutmeg seed essential oil at a dose of 0.5 mL/cage decreased locomotion by 68.62%; and inhalation of 0.1 and 0.3 mL/cage inhibited locomotion by 62.81 % and 65.33%, respectively. Generally, larger doses and longer administrations of nutmeg seed essential oil exhibited greater locomotor inhibition. Subsequently, the plasma concentrations of essential oil compounds were measured. The most concentrated compound in the plasma was myristicin. Half an hour after the addition of 1 mL/cage of nutmeg seed oil, the plasma concentration of myristicin was 3.7 �g/mL; one and ...
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
Kulit batang trengguli (Cassia fistula L) mengandung senyawa yang bersifat antioksidan yang dapat... more Kulit batang trengguli (Cassia fistula L) mengandung senyawa yang bersifat antioksidan yang dapat ditentukan dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas 1,1-Difenil-2- Pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui adanya peredaman radikal bebas DPPH oleh ekstrak etanol kulit batang trengguli (EEKBT), fraksi Etil asetat (FEAKBT), fraksi n-Heksan (FnHKBT), fraksi air (FAKBT) dan vitamin C sebagai pembanding. Identifikasi golongan senyawa dilakukan dengan penapisan fitokimia. Fraksinasi dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair dengan tingkat kepolaran yang berbeda. Aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan peredaman warna radikal bebas DPPH menggunakan spektrofotometri UVVis. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas antioksidan paling baik dengan nilai IC50 3,980 μg/ml dibandingkan vitamin C 4,716 μg/ml. Sedangkan nilai IC50 ekstrak etanaol, fraksi n-heksan, fraksi air adalah 10,613 μg/ml, 38,904 μg/ml dan 7,636 μg/ml terhadap peredaman warna DPPH...
Erythrina plants, locally known as “dadap ayam”, are higher plant species and have been used as a... more Erythrina plants, locally known as “dadap ayam”, are higher plant species and have been used as a folk medicine for treatment of cancer. To prove the effectiveness of the leaves and stem bark of E. variegata as an anti-cancer agent, the assay in this research was focused on in vitro test towards breast cancer cell T47D. In the course of our continuing search for novel anti-cancer agent from Erythrina plants, the methanol extract of the leaves and stem bark of E. variegata showed significant anti-cancer activity against breast cancer cell T47D in vitro using the Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. By using the anti-cancer activity to follow the separations, the methanol extract was separated by combination of column chromatography. The chemical structure of an anti-cancer compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with the previously reported and identified as an erythrina alkaloid (1) and isoflavonoid (2). Compounds (1-2) showed anti-cancer activity a...
Phaleria macrocarpa, locally named mahkota dewa, is known as a medicinal plant in Indonesia. Frui... more Phaleria macrocarpa, locally named mahkota dewa, is known as a medicinal plant in Indonesia. Fruits of this plant are traditionally used in treatment of cancer diseases. Several substances were isolated from mahkota dewa fruits. A benzophenone glucoside, 4,6`-dihydroxy-4`-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-glucoside, has been isolated from an ethyl acetate fraction of mahkota dewa fruits. The structure of this compound was determined based on the analysis of UV, IR, NMR and MS spectral data. Antiproliferative activity was measured on human cervical cancer cells (HeLa and CasKi) and human esophageal cancer cells (TE-2, TE-8, and TE-14) by MTT assay. The result of this study showed that at concentration of 500 ?g/mL, benzophenone glucoside derived from mahkota dewa didnt reach CPI50 to all tested cells. Those CPI50 were 34 ?g/mL (HeLa), 32 ?g/mL (CasKi), 33.91 ?g/mL (TE-2) , 35.43 ?g/mL (TE-8), 43.04 ?g/mL (TE-14). There were no significantly differences (? = 0.5) of this activity among HeLa, Ca...
Abstrak . Radikal bebas dianggap sebagai penyebab terjadinya kerusakan fungsi sel-sel tubuh bahka... more Abstrak . Radikal bebas dianggap sebagai penyebab terjadinya kerusakan fungsi sel-sel tubuh bahkan kematian sel. Oleh karena itu, tubuh manusia membutuhkan suatu substansi penting yakni antioksidan yang dapat melindungi tubuh dari serangan radikal bebas. Meningat semakin banyaknya radikal bebas yang berasal dari lingkungan, maka diperlukan antioksidan dari luar tubuh yang dapat diperoleh baik dari senyawa sintetik atau subtansi bahan alam antara lain dari tumbuhan. Telah dilakukan uji aktivitas antioksidan terhadap ekstrak etanol daun jambu air (Eugenia aqueum) dengan menggunakan metode carotene bleaching secara in vitro. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun jambu air (Eugenia aquea) pada konsentrasi 0,5 g/L dan 0,25 g/L b/v memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai aktivitas antioksidan masing-masing sebesar 21,14 % dan 75,08 %.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is one of the herbal plants from Indonesia. Kratom plants have severa... more Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is one of the herbal plants from Indonesia. Kratom plants have several benefits overcoming diarrhea, increase endurance, and deal with pain. Kratom leaf has several pharmacological effects, one of which is antioxidant. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of kratom leaf ethanol extract using the 1.1-Diphenyl-2-Pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) method expressed by IC50 values. Kratom leaves were extracted by the 3x24 hour remaceration method using 70% ethanol solvent, then concentrated with a rotary evaporator at 40 ° C, followed by an oven at a temperature (40-50) ° C to obtain a thick extract. Kratom leaf extract contains alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, tannins,and saponins. The antioxidant activity test was carried out with qualitative and quantitative tests.The qualitative antioxidant test was carried out using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7: 3) eluent, followed by DPPH spraying,which showed positive res...
The process of developing temulawak starch has not been done much, especially in the cosmetics fi... more The process of developing temulawak starch has not been done much, especially in the cosmetics field. Temulawak rhizome extraction to produce starch was done by smoothing the temulawak rhizome, then squeezed. After that the juice that had been obtained was soaked with solvent for 2 days and the replacement of the solvent was done once a day. The end result was dried and used as a basic ingredient in making face protection skin powder. The production of the sprinkled powder and cold powder from temulawak starch as a basic ingredient was then evaluated (organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, particle size distribution and in vitro effectiveness test (determination of SPF value). Organoleptically, the springkled powder and cold powder with temulawak starch as an ingredient the superiority could be recognized from the color without the addition of coloring agent. The F1 sprinkled powder was olive powder with SPF value 13.99, and the F2 sprinkled powder was ivory/cream yellow with SPF value...
Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS, 2021
Background and Objective: Etlingera alba (Blume) A.D. Poulsen is one of the plants of the genus E... more Background and Objective: Etlingera alba (Blume) A.D. Poulsen is one of the plants of the genus Etlingera which is commonly found in Southeast Sulawesi. The research is still lacking, thus, we assumed other species related to E. alba, specifically from the genus Etlingera that provides antioxidant and radical scavenging activity, namely Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith. Thus, this study aimed to assess the antioxidant and toxicity activity as well as its secondary metabolites. Materials and Methods: Etlingera alba rhizome was extracted with 96% ethanol. The radical scavenging activity was assayed with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and antioxidant activity was assayed with 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulphonate (ABTS) assay for radical cation decolourization in vitro. Both Ascorbic Acid (AA) and Trolox were used as positive control. The secondary metabolites were identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and LSMS/MS analyzed the difference between compoun...
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