History of the National Hockey League (1942–1967)

File:Toronto Maple Leafs vs Montreal Canadiens Action shot.jpg

The Original Six era of the National Hockey League (NHL) began in 1942 with the demise of the New York Americans, reducing the NHL to six teams. For the next 25 seasons, the NHL would remain stable as the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs comprised the league. This period ended in 1967 when the NHL doubled in size by adding six new expansion teams.

Maurice Richard became the first player to score 50-goals in a season in 1944–45. In 1955, Richard was suspended for assaulting a linesman, leading to the Richard Riot. Gordie Howe made his debut in 1946, leading the Red Wings to four championships. Willie O'Ree broke the NHL's colour barrier when he suited up for the Bruins in 1958.

The Stanley Cup, which had been the de facto championship since 1926, became the de jure championship in 1947 when the NHL completed a deal to gain control of the Cup. It was a period of dynasties, with the Maple Leafs winning the Stanley Cup nine times between 1942 and 1967. The Canadiens won the Cup ten times in that period, including five consecutive titles between 1956 and 1960. However, Toronto's 1967 championship would be their last. The longest active championship drought belongs to Chicago, who last won in 1961.

The NHL continued to develop during this period. Attempting to open up the game, the league introduced the centre-ice red line, allowing players to pass out of their defensive zone for the first time in 1943. In 1959, Jacques Plante became the first goaltender to regularly use a mask for protection. Off the ice, the business of hockey was changing as well. The first Amateur Draft was held in 1963 as part of efforts to balance talent distribution within the league. The National Hockey League Players Association was formed in 1967, ten years after Ted Lindsay's attempts at unionization failed.

Part of a series on the
History of the NHL
National Hockey League
Founding (1917–1942) Original Six (1942–1967) Expansion era (1967–1992) Further expansion (1992–2017) Second century (2017–present)
Ice hockey portal
v t e

The Great Depression and World War II had a detrimental impact on the NHL in the 1930s and early 1940s. The league peaked at ten teams between 1926 and 1931, however financial pressures led the Pittsburgh Pirates to relocate to become the Philadelphia Quakers in 1930, then to fold in 1931.^[1] The Ottawa Senators became the St. Louis Eagles in 1934, and likewise ceased operations after one year in their new market.^[2] The Montreal Maroons were the third team to fail. With the Montreal market unable to support two teams, the Maroons suspended operations in 1937.^[3] Finally, the Brooklyn Americans failed in 1942, citing financial difficulty and a lack of players due to the war.^[4] The NHL was reduced to six teams in the 1942–43 season.

The NHL also faced change at the top after league President Frank Calder collapsed during a meeting, and later died in February 1943.^[5] Red Dutton agreed to take over as president with a promise by the league that the Brooklyn franchise he had operated would resume play after the war. When the owners reneged on this promise in 1946, Dutton resigned.^[6] At Dutton's request, he was replaced by Clarence Campbell. Campbell served as the NHL's third president from 1946 until his retirement in 1977. The stability Campbell offered as president was matched by that of the league itself. The NHL remained fixed at the same six teams for the first 21 years of his presidency, until the 1967 NHL Expansion.^[7]

These six teams—the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs—later became known as the "Original Six". The NHL featured increasingly intense rivalries coupled with rules innovations that opened up the game.^[8] This period has been called the "golden age of hockey".^[7]

File:Apps1.jpg

World War II had ravaged many teams' rosters, such that before the 1943–44 season, Lester Patrick made it known that he wished to suspend the Rangers for the duration of the war. Patrick was convinced to continue playing, however his team managed only six wins in a 50-game schedule, giving up 310 goals.^[9] The Canadiens, on the other hand, completed one of the most dominant seasons in league history. They finished with a 38–5–7 record; five losses remains a league record for the fewest in one season. The Canadiens did not lose a game on home ice,^[10] and their Stanley Cup victory was their first in 14 seasons.^[11] The Canadiens again dominated in 1944–45, finishing with a 38–8–4 record. They were upset in the playoffs by the Maple Leafs, who went on to win the Cup.^[12]

No team outside of the NHL had competed for the Stanley Cup since 1926 following the demise of the Western Hockey League. Other teams and leagues had challenged for the cup in the intervening years, with the challenges rejected by Cup trustees for various reasons.^[13] In 1947, the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P.D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL, allowing the league to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup.^[14] One such challenge came from the Cleveland Barons of the American Hockey League in 1953. The challenge was rejected as the AHL was not considered a league of equivalent calibre to the NHL, one of the conditions of the NHL's deal with trustees.^[15]

The first formal All-Star Game also took place in 1947. The game was held at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on October 13, 1947 to raise money for the newly created NHL Pension Society. The NHL All-Stars defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 4–3 and raised C$25,000 for the pension fund. The All-Star Game has since become an annual tradition.^[16]

The 1940s Canadiens were led by the "Punch line" of Elmer Lach, Toe Blake and Maurice "Rocket" Richard. In 1944–45, Lach, Richard and Blake finished first, second and third in the NHL's scoring race with 80, 73 and 67 points respectively.^[17] It was Richard who captured all the headlines, however, as he attempted to score 50 goals in a 50 game season. Richard scored five goals, and added three assists, in a 9–1 victory over Detroit on December 28, 1944 to set a single game scoring record.^[12] He scored his 45th goal of the season, breaking Joe Malone's record, in his 42nd game. His opponents attempted to prevent him from reaching 50 however, as no team wanted to be known as the one that gave up the goal. He was slashed, elbowed and held down as teams did anything they could to stop him.^[11] Richard finally scored is 50th goal in Boston at 17:45 of the third period of Montreal's final game of the season.^[17] No other player reached the 50 goals in 50 games plateau until Mike Bossy in 1980–81.^[18]

In March 1955, Richard was suspended for the remainder of the season, including the playoffs, after he received a match penalty for slashing Boston's Hal Laycoe before punching a linesman who attempted to intervene.^[18] The suspension touched off a wave of anger towards Campbell, who was warned not to attend a scheduled game in Montreal after receiving numerous death threats, mainly from French-Canadians accusing him of anti-French bias.^[19] Campbell dismissed the warnings, and attended the March 17 game as planned. He was booed by the crowd of 16,000 as he took his seat, was pelted with eggs and fruit, and was assaulted by one fan.^[20] Shortly after 9 p.m., a fan lobbed a tear-gas bomb in Campbell's direction. As fans bolted for the exits, Campbell fought his way to the Montreal Forum clinic, where firefighters had decided to clear the building. Campbell decided to forfeit the game to Detroit.^[19] The fans leaving the Forum were met by a mob of angry demonstrators outside. The mob grew to 10,000 people, overwhelming the 250 police officers on the scene, and rioted outside of the Forum. Order was not restored until 3 a.m. Seventy people were arrested, 37 people injured, 50 stores were looted and $100,000 in property damage was reported in the violence, which became known as l'affair Richard, or the Richard Riot.^[20]

The following day, Richard went on the radio with a message to Montreal fans: "Do no more harm. Get behind the team in the playoffs. I will take my punishment and come back next year and help the club and the younger players to win the Cup." While the Canadiens were eliminated in the 1955 Stanley Cup Finals without Richard, true to his word, he helped lead Montreal to the 1956 Stanley Cup.^[20] The incident highlighted the growing cultural gap between French Quebec and English Canada. Campbell's decision to suspend Richard was widely supported by fans outside of Quebec. Some, including Detroit's Ted Lindsay, said the suspension didn't go far enough. They argued that Richard, a man who had paid more fines than any other player in league history, should have been banned for life.^[19] The Richard Riot has been described as being among the first manifestations of French-speaking Quebec's Quiet Revolution.^[20][21]

Richard became the first player to score 500 career goals, doing so on October 19, 1957. He retired in 1960 as the NHL's all-time leading scorer with 544 goals and won eight Stanley Cups during his career. Upon Richard's retirement, the league waived the customary three-year waiting period, electing him to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961.^[18]

In the fall of 1951, Conn Smythe watched special television feeds of Maple Leaf games, attempting to determine whether it would be a suitable medium for broadcasting hockey games. Television already had its detractors within the NHL, however. Campbell declared it to be "the greatest menace of the entertainment world".^[22] In 1952, even though only 10% of Canadians owned a television set, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) began televising games.^[23] On November 1, 1952, Hockey Night in Canada was first broadcast on television, with Foster Hewitt calling the action between the Leafs and Bruins at Maple Leaf Gardens. The broadcasts quickly became the highest rated show on Canadian television.^[22]

The broadcast came three weeks after a French-language telecast of the Montreal Canadiens' opener against Chicago, announced by Rene Lecavalier, Montreal's usual radio host on La Soirée du hockey. On that same night, Danny Gallivan made his debut as the English language play-by-play announcer for the Canadiens. It marked the beginning of a 32-year career for Gallivan.^[22]

While Campbell feared televised hockey would cause people to stop attending games in person, Smythe felt the opposite. "There'll be thousands of people seeing hockey as played by the pros for the first time. They'll be sold on it because it's a great game, and they won't be satisfied to stay [at home] but will turn out to the rinks."^[23] CBS first broadcast hockey games in the United States in the 1956–57 season as an experiment. Amazed with the initial popularity of the broadcasts, it inaugurated a 21-game package of games the following year.^[22]

The NHL itself adapted to be viewer-friendly. In 1949, the league mandated that the ice surface be painted white so that the puck would be easier to see. In 1951, it required that the home team wear coloured jersies, and the road team wear white so that each team was distinguishable on black and white television. Similarly, teams began to paint the centre red line in a checkered pattern to set it apart from the solid blue lines.^[22]

The 1951 Stanley Cup Finals saw the Maple Leafs defeat the Canadiens four games to one in the only final in NHL history where all games were decided in overtime.^[24] The Cup winning goal was scored by Leafs' defenceman Bill Barilko after he dashed in from his defensive position, despite an earlier warning from Smythe not to take unnecessary chances, and hammered the puck past Montreal goaltender Gerry McNeil. The goal completed Toronto's fourth Stanley Cup championship in five seasons, and made Barilko a national hero.^[25] Four months later, Barilko and a friend disappeared in Northern Ontario where they had flown out on a fishing trip. Barilko's disappearance was front page news across Canada. A massive search failed to locate the missing plane.^[26] Barilko's remains were not found until 1962, the first year the Maple Leafs won the Cup since Barilko's overtime winner eleven years previous.^[27] Barilko's disappearance, and the "curse" that followed were immortalized 40 years later by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip in their 1992 song Fifty Mission Cap.^[28]

File:GordieHowe 08.jpg

Beginning in 1948–49, the Red Wings won seven consecutive regular season titles, a feat that no other team has accomplished. During that time, the Wings won four Stanley Cups.^[29] It was during the 1952 Stanley Cup Finals that the Legend of the Octopus was born. Brothers Pete and Jerry Cusimano brought a dead octopus to the Detroit Olympia for the fourth game of the Finals. They reasoned that the eight tentacles of an octopus represented the eight wins required to win the Stanley Cup at the time. The Wings had already won seven consecutive playoff games, and they hoped that the octopus would inspire Detroit to an eighth victory. Detroit went on to defeat Montreal 3–0, and the tradition was born.^[30]

The Wings were led by Gordie Howe. In 1943, Howe was invited to the Rangers player camp in Winnipeg at the age of 15. He quickly became homesick and failed to make an impression on the Rangers coaches.^[31] The Red Wings invited him to their camp the next season, where coach Jack Adams called him "the best prospect I've seen in 20 years."^[32] Two years later, Howe made his NHL debut for Detroit at the age of 18. On March 28, 1950, Howe was nearly killed during a playoff game against the Leafs. Howe mistimed an attempted check on Toronto's Ted Kennedy, causing him to slam into the boards head first. Barely alive, Howe was rushed to hospital where doctors drilled a hole into his skull to relieve pressure on his brain.^[33] Despite fears that he would never play again, Howe not only recovered to start the following season, he won his first of four consecutive scoring titles in 1950–51.^[32]

The Red Wings faced the Canadiens in the Stanley Cup Finals in three consecutive seasons between 1954 and 1956.^[34] Detroit won the first two match-ups, however Montreal captured the 1956 Stanley Cup, ending one dynasty, and starting another.^[29] The Canadiens won five consecutive championships between 1956 and 1960, a feat no other team has duplicated.^[35]

In 1953, the Canadiens signed Jean Beliveau, a prospect whose arrival in the NHL had been anticipated for years. Beliveau had repeatedly refused to turn professional with Montreal, as his Quebec Senior Hockey League team, the Quebec Aces matched any contract offer the Canadiens made. Finally, Montreal bought the entire league outright, along with the rights to all players, and turned it professional. Beliveau finally signed with Montreal for $105,000 over five years and a $20,000 bonus, an unprecedented contract for a rookie. Beliveau would ultimately win ten Stanley Cups in Montreal.^[36]

Led by Richard and Beliveau, the 1950s Canadiens had so much offensive ability, the NHL was forced to amend its rules to slow their offence down. The 1955–56 Canadiens frequently scored multiple goals during the same two-minute powerplay. In one game against Boston, Beliveau scored three goals in 44 seconds on the same Bruins penalty. The league instituted a rule for the following season that permitted a player serving a minor penalty to return to the ice early if one goal was scored against his team.^[37]

On January 18, 1958, Willie O'Ree suited up for the Bruins as an injury call-up for a game in Montreal. In doing so, he became the first black player in the NHL.^[38] O'Ree played only two games with the Bruins in the 1957–58 season. He returned to the NHL in 1960–61, playing another 43 games with Boston.^[39] O'Ree played only 45 NHL games, scoring four goals, however that was enough for him to be labeled the "Jackie Robinson of hockey".^[40]

O'Ree faced blatant racism from opponents throughout the season. "People just wanted a piece of me, maybe because they thought I was different, so I had to defend myself. I wasn't going to be run out of any rink."^[39] He faced racial slurs from fans when he played in Chicago, Detroit and New York,^[40] though the taunts were mostly absent in Montreal and Toronto.^[39] O'Ree was supported by his teammates and the fans in Boston. "They were mean to me in places like Detroit and New York, too. But never in Boston. I'll never forget how my teammates there—men like Johnny Bucyk, Doug Mohns, Charlie Burns and Don McKenney—took care of me. They accepted me totally. All of them had class."^[41]

O'Ree was traded to Montreal in 1961, but was unable to crack the Canadiens' lineup. He played over 20 minor league seasons, twice winning the Western Hockey League's scoring title, with the Los Angeles Blades in 1964 and the San Diego Gulls in 1969.^[41] O'Ree played despite being blind in one eye after taking a puck to the face during a junior game in 1955–56.^[40]

O'Ree's breakthrough came a several years after another black player, Herb Carnegie was denied the same opportunity. Playing junior hockey with the Ontario Hockey Association's Toronto Rangers in 1938–39, Carnegie was pulled aside by his coach during a practice: "See that man sitting in the blues? That's Conn Smythe, owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs. He says he'd take you tomorrow if he could turn you white." Stung by the comments, Carnegie resolved to excel at the game. Carnegie was offered a tryout with the Rangers in 1950, and a spot on their lowest minor league team. "They told me that if I signed with the Rangers and went to New Haven, I would make international headlines. I told them my family couldn't eat headlines. That was probably when the Rangers decided to forget about me."^[42]

During the 1960s, it was often joked that "NHL" stood for "Norris House League" as the Norris family held interests in four of the six teams. James D. Norris was a co-owner of the Black Hawks along with Arthur Wirtz, while his brother Bruce inherited ownership of the Red Wings from their father James E. Norris. Norris was also the largest shareholder in Madison Square Garden, giving him control over the Rangers.^[43]

The Black Hawks qualified for the playoffs only once between 1949 and 1957.^[44] The team's fortunes turned in 1958–59, following the acquisition of Ted Lindsay and Glenn Hall from Detroit.^[43] The Black Hawks qualified for the playoffs, losing to Montreal in the semi-finals in 1959 and 1960 before capturing their first championship in 23 years in the 1961 Stanley Cup Finals. It also stands as the last title for Chicago, the longest active streak in the NHL.^[45]

The Hawks' resurgence in the 1960s led Norris and Wirtz to take advantage of their customers. Dubbed the "Chicken Wings" by fans, the Hawks became famous for fleecing their fans. Ticket sellers were arrested for scalping from their box office, while the team charged $9 for playoff tickets in 1965, $3 more than Detroit, Toronto or Montreal. The Hawks also refused to broadcast road playoff games in Chicago, preferring to charge fans to watch the games via closed-circuit television at Chicago Stadium. Fans responded to the announcements by littering the ice and passing out leaflets urging a boycott of the team during Chicago's last regular season game in 1964–65.^[46]

In 1963, Rangers governor William Jennings introduced the idea of expanding to the west coast to his peers. He suggested adding two new teams to begin play in 1964–65. Jennings' argument was based around concerns that the Western Hockey League intended to operate as a major league in the near future. He also hoped that teams on the west coast would make the league truly national, and improve the NHL's chances of returning to television in the United States. While the governors did not agree to the proposal, the topic of expansion came up every time the owners met from then on out.^[47] In 1965, it was decided to expand by six teams, doubling the size of the NHL. San Francisco–Oakland and Vancouver were declared "acceptable cities" with Los Angeles and St. Louis as potential sites.^[48] Fourteen applications were received from across Canada and the United States, including four from Los Angeles.^[49]

In February 1966, the governors met and decided to award franchises to Los Angeles, Minnesota, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, San Francisco and St. Louis. The league rejected bids from Baltimore, Buffalo and Vancouver.^[49] The six winning bids each paid $2 million for their franchises.^[47] St. Louis was awarded despite no bid being received. The league granted the city a team if a potential owner stepped forward. It was a decision influenced by the Norris and Wirtz families, who owned the St. Louis Arena.^[49]

Canadians were outraged that none of the expansion teams were awarded to a Canadian city. Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson stated that "the NHL decision to expand only in the U.S. impinges on the sacred principles of all Canadians." Maple Leafs coach Punch Imlach stated that Vancouver was "sold out" and that Toronto and Montreal did not want to share television revenue with another Canadian team.^[50] Leafs co-owner Stafford Smythe put the blame on the city of Vancouver. Lacking a suitable arena, Smythe offered to build and operate an $8 million facility in the city's downtown area. However, a proposal to sell a $2.5 million section of land to Smythe for $1 was defeated in a municipal referendum. "Vancouver lost it's chance the day it turned down the referendum on our arena proposal," Smythe said. "That proved to me that the people out there aren't interested in going major league."^[50]

The Original Six era ended with the 1967 Stanley Cup Finals between the two-time defending champion Canadiens, and the Maple Leafs.^[51] The oldest team in the league, the third place Leafs were led in goal by 37-year old Terry Sawchuk and 42-year old Johnny Bower.^[52] Known as the "over the hill gang", Toronto defeated the favoured Canadiens in six games. They became the oldest team to win the Cup. The Maple Leafs have not won another championship since.^[51]

Due to travel restrictions required during World War II, league president Frank Calder abolished overtime for regular season games in 1942 so that teams could catch their trains without delays.^[53] Regular season overtime would not return with the conclusion of the war, though playoff games continued until a winner was decided. The NHL would not re-introduce overtime for the regular season until the 1983–84 season.^[54]

In 1943, the rules committee was looking for ways to increase the speed of the game and make it more entertaining. Rangers coach Frank Boucher proposed that the neutral zone be divided by a centre red line, and that teams be allowed to pass the puck out of the defensive zone into their half of the neutral zone.^[55] Previously, the league required that defensive players skate the puck out of their defensive zone, not permitting a pass across the blue line.^[56] Introduced in 1943–44, the new rule changed how the game was played. Where strong forechecking teams were previously able to pin their opponents in their own zone for minutes at a time, teams were able to create rushes up the ice by having defencemen pass to forwards across the blue line.^[55] Scoring increased 10% league-wide, and four of six teams topped 200 goals, the first teams to do so.^[56]

Stan Mikita inadvertently introduced the curved blade to the hockey stick in the early 1960s. Having cracked his blade during a practice, and not wanting to go get another, Mikita shot the puck in anger. He noticed that the curve made by the crack caused the puck to behave differently. He and Bobby Hull experimented with heating and bending the blade of their sticks to create different curves.^[57] Mikita went on to win four Art Ross Trophies as the NHL's leading scorer using a curved blade. He later said that he regretted the idea. "It's one of the worst inventions in hockey, because it eliminated the use of the backhand."^[58]

The NHL Amateur Draft, later be renamed the NHL Entry Draft, was first held on June 5, 1963 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. It was created by Campbell as a means to distribute talent on a more even basis. To that point, teams sponsored junior clubs directly, buying the rights to players on those teams. The first player selected in the 1963 draft was Garry Monahan, a 16-year-old player with the St. Michaels Juviniles. Monahan remains the youngest player ever selected in an NHL draft. The Entry Draft system did not fully replace the sponsorship system until 1969.^[59]

File:Plante firstmask.jpg

Clint Benedict was the first goaltender to wear facial protection in 1930. He abandoned his mask, however, as it interfered with his vision.^[60] Twenty-nine years later, Jacques Plante made the goalie mask a permanent fixture in hockey. Plante began wearing a mask in practice in 1956 after twice suffering broken cheekbones on shots from his teammates during workouts.^[61] Montreal coach Toe Blake refused to allow Plante to wear his mask in games, however.^[62]

That changed on November 1, 1959 when Plante was struck in the face early in a game at Madison Square Garden. As teams did not dress backup goaltenders during this time, the game was delayed 20 minutes while doctors frantically stitched Plante up. When Blake asked Plante if he was ready to return to play, Plante replied "I won't go back in unless I can wear a mask."^[63] Blake was livid, but agreed only if Plante removed the mask when his face was healed. Wearing the mask, Plante led the Canadiens on an 18-game unbeaten streak.^[62] He finally removed the mask at Blake's urging, and promptly lost the first game. Defeated, Blake relented. Plante's mask became a permanent fixture as he led the Canadiens to their fifth consecutive Stanley Cup. Other goalies followed Plante's lead soon after.^[61]

Despite not wearing a mask for most of his career, Terry Sawchuk played goal crouched down so low that his shoulders nearly touched his knees. Known as the "gorilla crouch", Sawchuk relied on his ability to see the puck under the players bodies, increased mobility and his own reflexes to win four Vezina Trophies during his career.^[64] By 1955, Sawchuk was regarded as the greatest goaltender to ever play the game.^[65] Sawchuk's career ended tragically in 1970 when he died from injuries suffered a month earlier in a drunken incident with teammate Ron Stewart. The Hall of Fame waived it's waiting period, immediately inducting Sawchuk, who died as the NHL's all-time record holder in wins (447) and shutouts (103).^[66] Sawchuk's style of play was a precursor to the modern butterfly style of goaltending used today.^[64]

The butterfly style was invented by Glenn Hall. Considered both unique and foolish, Hall's style of dropping to his knees, kicking his pads out in a V formation forced shooters to aim for the top half of the net. Hall adopted the style as a youth when he lacked the arm strength to stop shots with his stick.^[67] An eight-time All-Star, Hall played 502 consecutive games as a goaltender for Detroit and Chicago,^[68] a record that has been hailed as one of the NHL's most unbreakable.^[67]

The first players' union was formed February 12, 1957 by Red Wings star Ted Lindsay.^[69] A member of the board of the NHL's Pension Society since 1952, Lindsay and his fellow players were upset that the league refused to let the players view the books related to the pension fund. The league claimed that it was barely breaking even financially, and so could not contribute more than it did. Players on the Pension Committee suspected otherwise, and in 1956, Lindsay and Doug Harvey of the Canadiens began discussions on forming a union.^[70] The idea quickly gained popularity. When the union was announced, every NHL player had signed up with the exception of Ted Kennedy, who was retiring.^[71]

The owners immediately worked to crush the union. Toronto owner Conn Smythe compared the players association to communism: "I feel that anything spawned in secrecy as this association was certainly has to have some odour to it."^[71] Red Wings president Bruce Norris responded by trading Lindsay to his brother's team, the Black Hawks. The move was widely seen as punitive, as the Hawks had finished last in the NHL every season, save one, from 1949 until 1957.^[44] Lindsay was not the only player sent to Chicago as punishment. Glenn Hall was included in the trade to Chicago when he refused to distance himself from Lindsay. In Toronto, Smythe repeatedly benched Jim Thomson, who was the union's secretary, before also dealing him to the Black Hawks.^[69] The Players' Association responded by filing a $3 million anti-trust lawsuit against the NHL.^[72]

Persuaded by teammates Gordie Howe and Red Kelly, the Red Wings players voted to withdraw from the association in November, 1957.^[44] Other teams quickly followed, and the union quickly capitulated. The union leadership ultimately agreed to drop the lawsuit in exchange for small concessions. Included was a minimum annual salary of $7,000, increases to the pension contributions and moving expenses for traded players.^[69]

The National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) was formed in 1967, led by Executive-Director Alan Eagleson.^[73] Eagleson became the sport's first player agent in 1966 when he negotiated a deal on behalf of Bobby Orr with the Bruins that saw the 18-year-old rookie become the highest paid player in the NHL. At its peak, Eagleson's practice represented 150 professional athletes.^[74] Eagleson had also helped settle an American Hockey League players strike sparked by mistreatment of players.^[73] In June, 1967, the NHLPA was announced, and quickly received acceptance from the owners.^[75]

• History of the Detroit Red Wings
• History of the Montreal Canadiens
• History of the New York Rangers
• History of the Toronto Maple Leafs

• Diamond, Dan (1991), The Official National Hockey League 75th Anniversary Commemorative Book, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-6727-5
• Diamond, Dan (2003), The Ultimate Prize: The Stanley Cup, Andrews McMeel Publishing, ISBN 0-7407-3830-5 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Coleman, Charles (1964), Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol I., Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0-8403-2941-5
• McFarlane, Brian (1990), 100 Years of Hockey, Summerhill Press, ISBN 0-929091-26-4
• McFarlane, Brian (2004), Best of the Original Six, Fenn Publishing Company, ISBN 1-55168-263-X
• McKinley, Michael (2006), Hockey: A People's History, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-5769-5
• Pincus, Arthur (2006), The Official Illustrated NHL History, Readers Digest, ISBN 0-88850-800-X

• NHL.com – History
• Hockey: A People's History by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation