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Involvement of India-based militants in the Myanmar civil war
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{{User sandbox}}
{{User sandbox}}
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{{Short description|India-Myanmar cross-border attacks}}
India
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = India-Myanmar Border Insurgency
| partof =
| image = Burma Indian map.png
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Map of the [[India-Myanmar border]]
| date = 1954–present <br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year=1954}})
| place = [[India-Myanmar border]] ([[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], and [[Assam]] in [[India]]; [[Kachin State]], [[Sagaing Region]], and [[Chin State]] in [[Myanmar]])
| status = Continued rebel presence on the border despite several Indian and Burmese operations
| combatant1 = '''{{flag|India}}'''
* [[File:Indian_Armed_Forces.svg|20px]] [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[File:CRPF Flag.svg|22px|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces]] [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]]
* [[File:BSF Flag.svg|22px]] [[Border Security Force]]
{{flag|Myanmar}}
* {{armed forces|MYA}}
** {{army|MYA|name=Army}}
** {{air force|MYA|name=Air Force}}
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Myanmar Police Force.svg}} [[Myanmar Police Force|Police]]
*** {{flagicon image|Myanmar Police Emblem.png}} [[Border Guard Police|Border Police]]
* {{flagicon image|Burmese buddhist flag.svg}} [[Pyusawhti militias]]
'''Supported by:'''
* [[SULFA]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Zomi Re-unification Organisation.svg}} [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Shanni Nationalities Army.png}} [[Shanni Nationalities Army]]
| combatant2 = '''India-based:'''
*[[United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia|UNLFW]]
**{{flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg}} [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland|NDFB]] (1986–2020)
**{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN]]
**{{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA-I]]
**{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation|KLO]]
*CorCom
**{{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[United National Liberation Front|UNLF]] (1964-2023)
**{{flagicon image|Bandera FPRM Manipur.png}} [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA-M]]
**{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Kangleipak Communist Party|KCP]]
**[[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak|PREPAK]]
**[[Jaintia Rajya Movement of India|JRMI]]
**[[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup|KYKL]]
*AMULFA
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam|MULTA]]
*{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Maoist Communist Party of Manipur|MCPM]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Zomi Re-unification Organisation.svg}} [[Zomi Revolutionary Army|ZRA]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png}} [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]] (1989–2015)
*{{flagicon image|In tpdf.gif}} [[All Tripura Tiger Force|ATTF]] (1990–2015)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front|KLNLF]] (2004–21)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Bnei Menashe.svg}} [[Kuki National Army|KNA]] (1988–2005)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Bodo Liberation Tigers Force.png}} [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force|BLTF]] (1996-03)
{{Collapsible list
| title = '''Other:''' |
*[[Garo National Liberation Army|GNLA]] (2009–18)
*[[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council|HNLC]] (2000–10)
*[[People’s Democratic Council of Karbi Longri|PDCK]] (2016–21)
*[[Adivasi Cobra Force|ACF]] (1996–2012)
*[[Mizo National Front|MNF]] (1954–86)
*[[Tripura National Volunteers|TNV]] (1978–88)
*[[Dima Halam Daogah|DHD]] (2009–13)
*[[United People's Democratic Solidarity|UPDS]] (1999–2014)
}}

{{collapsible list
| title = '''Supported by:'''
|{{flag|China}} (claimed by India)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Indian Express]]|title=Chinese agencies helping North East militants in Myanmar|date=10 January 2017|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-agencies-helping-north-east-militants-in-myanmar-4468384/|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905004311/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-agencies-helping-north-east-militants-in-myanmar-4468384/|archive-date=5 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}(until 1976)</ref>
|{{flag|Myanmar}} (until 2018)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Times of India]]|title=Myanmar support gives NE rebels a shot in the arm|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Myanmar-support-gives-NE-rebels-a-shot-in-the-arm/articleshow/47547895.cms|date=5 June 2015|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013192009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Myanmar-support-gives-NE-rebels-a-shot-in-the-arm/articleshow/47547895.cms|archive-date=13 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|{{flag|Bhutan}} (until 2003)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Did Bhutan offer Rs. 200cr to ULFA for shifting base?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/did-bhutan-offer-rs-200cr-to-ulfa-for-shifting-base/story-WoixgwjxBdSMCH1p0zO93M.html|date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI (Maoist)]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Armed Conflict, Peace Audit and Early Warning 2014|first=D|last=Suba Chandran|publisher=SAGE Publishing|year=2015|quote=Maoists, in turn, are said to be providing explosives (ammonium nitrate) and funds to the northeast groups.}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.jpg}} [[al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent|AQIS]] (only MULTA)<ref name="TimesISI">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ISI-al-Qaeda-assisting-Assam-militants/articleshow/46675883.cms |title=ISI, al-Qaeda assisting Assam militants |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 May 2003 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730223855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ISI-al-Qaeda-assisting-Assam-militants/articleshow/46675883.cms |archive-date=30 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />([[President of India|President]])
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Narendra Modi]]<br />([[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]])
* {{flagicon|India|22px}} [[Amit Shah]]<br />([[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]])
* {{flagicon|India|22px}} [[S. Jaishankar|Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]]<br />([[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]])
* {{flagicon image|CRPF Flag.svg}} Dr.Sujoy Lal Thaosen<br />([[Director General]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg}} [[Anil Chauhan]]<br />([[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Manoj Pande]]<br />([[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]])
* {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign_of India.svg}} [[R. Hari Kumar]]<br />([[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]])
* {{air force|India}} [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari]]<br />([[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]])
* {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Nitin Agarwal <br />([[Border Security Force|Director general of police]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Rajnath Singh]]<br />([[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Giridhar Aramane]]<br />([[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]])
----
* {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] ([[King of Bhutan|King]])
* {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Lotay Tshering]] ([[List of prime ministers of Bhutan|Prime Minister]])
* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Shahabuddin Chuppu]] ([[President of Bangladesh|President]])
* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sheikh Hasina]] ([[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]])
* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Myint Swe]] ([[President of Myanmar|President]])
* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Min Aung Hlaing]] ([[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{Collapsible list
}}
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg}} [[G Bidai]] <br /> {{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]]{{POW}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Paresh Baruah]]<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Anup Chetia]]{{POW}}<br />{{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[Kalalung Kamei]]<br />{{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[Arambam Samerendra]]{{KIA}}<br />{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[Angami Zapu Phizo]]{{KIA}}}}<br />[[Laldenga]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Karbi_Longri_N.C._Hills_Liberation_Front.svg}}[[I. K. Songbijit]]{{Surrender}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png}} [[Biswamohan Debbarma]]{{POW}}<br /> Durga Minz{{Surrender}}<br />Xabrias Khakha{{Surrender}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Bodo_Liberation_Tigers_Force.png}} [[Prem Singh Brahma|Prem Brahma]]{{Surrender}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} [[Milton Burman]]{{POW}}<br />{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} [[Tom Adhikary]]{{POW}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Men Sing Takbi]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Pradip Terang]]{{Surrender}} <br />{{Flagicon image|In tpdf.gif}} [[Ranjit Debbarma]]{{POW}}
| units2 =
| strength1 = {{Flagicon|India}} 200,000 in Nagaland (1995)<ref name=Code>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112118/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/eacd_notes.pdf Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook] pp. 81–82; 176; 227; 249–250; 272–273; 291–294</ref><br />{{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} 70,000 (1992)<ref name= Code /><br />{{Flagicon|Bhutan}} 8,634 (2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/bhutan |title=Countries at the Crossroads: Bhutan |work=[[Freedom House]] |year=2011 |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307224119/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/bhutan |archive-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} and [http://www.raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btstmilitia01.html "Bhutan's Militia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173525/http://raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btstmilitia01.html |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''Kuensel''. 15 September 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</ref><br />{{Flagicon|Myanmar}} Unknown
| strength2 = {{flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg}} 1,500 (2010)<ref name="Andrew2010">{{cite book | author=Andrew T .H. Tan | title=Politics of Terrorism: A Survey | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXerAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 | date=18 October 2010 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-136-83336-6 | page=190 | access-date=8 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706202448/http://books.google.com/books?id=qXerAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 | archive-date=6 July 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} 2,000 (2005)<ref name="T–Nitin">{{cite magazine |title=A life roughed–out in the jungle |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=Ne100105A_life_roughed.asp |author=Nitin A. Gokhale |magazine=[[Tehelka]] |location=Hong Kong |date=1 October 2005 |access-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001603/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main14.asp?filename=Ne100105A_life_roughed.asp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} 4,500 (2007)<ref name="Diplomat">{{cite magazine | url=https://thediplomat.com/2011/03/22/is-china-backing-indian-insurgents/2/ | title=Is China Backing Indian Insurgents? | magazine=The Diplomat | date=22 March 2011 | access-date=27 April 2011 | author=Lyle Morris | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505053754/https://thediplomat.com/2011/03/22/is-china-backing-indian-insurgents/2/ | archive-date=5 May 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} 225 (2008)<ref>[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/08july19/national.htm ''DailyExcelsior'']{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><br />
{{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} 200 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/will-assam-agreement-end-insurgency-2855290 |title=Will Assam agreement end insurgency? |website=deccanherald.com |date=2024-01-19 |access-date=2024-01-26}}</ref><br />
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png}} 850 (2004)<ref name='nps'>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/Latimer04.pdf |title=What can the United States learn from India to counter terrorism? |access-date=2009-03-01 |last=Latimer |first=William |date=March 2004 |publisher=[[Naval Postgraduate School]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716051523/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/Latimer04.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-16 }}</ref><br />ACF: 350 (2005)<ref name="MIPT">[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930034433/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 |date=30 September 2007 }} — MIPT</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Unknown
| casualties1 = {{flagdeco|India}} ''Since 1992'': 2,762 killed<ref name="satp.prg">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/fatalitiesnorteast2006.htm|title=Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in India's Northeast ::South Asia Terrorism portal|publisher=Satp.org|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219002012/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/fatalitiesnorteast2006.htm|archive-date=19 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Bhutan}} 13–36 killed, 43–68 injured{{efn|At least 39 Bhutanese soldiers, 4 Bhutanese police officers}}<ref name="Kuensel Online">{{cite web |title=A nation pays tribute |url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4394 |website=Kuensel Online |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610231908/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4394 |archive-date=10 June 2011 |language=en |date=15 August 2004}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune">{{cite web |title=124 killed in Bhutan operation |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031217/main3.htm |website=The Tribune |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040103072311/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031217/main3.htm |archive-date=3 January 2004 |language=en |date=17 December 2003}}</ref><ref name="Tshering Tobgay">{{cite web |last1=Tobgay |first1=Tshering |title=Thanking our armed forces |url=http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html |website=Tshering Tobgay |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en |date=16 December 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141931/http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |title=NDFB militants strike in Bhutan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/NDFB-militants-strike-in-Bhutan/articleshow/7535965.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en |date=20 February 2011}}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=December 2022}}
| casualties2 = ''Since 1992'': 8,554 killed in India<ref name="satp.prg"/><br />485–650 killed or captured in Bhutan<ref name="Kuensel Online"/><ref name="IPCS">{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Dipankar |last2=Laishram |first2=Bidhan S |title=Bhutan's "Operation All Clear": Implications for insurgency and security cooperation |url=http://www.ipcs.org/issue_briefs/issue_brief_pdf/IB18-OperationAllClear.pdf |website=IPCS |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en |date=5 January 2004}}</ref>
| casualties3 = 40,000 civilians killed overall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ploughshares.ca/pl_armedconflict/india-northeast-1979-first-combat-deaths/|title=India – Northeast (1979 – first combat deaths)|publisher=Ploug shares|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026205303/http://ploughshares.ca/pl_armedconflict/india-northeast-1979-first-combat-deaths/|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}

Revision as of 19:35, 27 April 2024

India-Myanmar Border Insurgency

Map of the India-Myanmar border
Date1954–present
(70 years)
Location
India-Myanmar border (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, and Assam in India; Kachin State, Sagaing Region, and Chin State in Myanmar)
Status Continued rebel presence on the border despite several Indian and Burmese operations
Belligerents

 India

 Myanmar

Supported by:

India-based:

Other:
Supported by:
Commanders and leaders
 G Bidai
Arabinda Rajkhowa (POW)
Paresh Baruah
Anup Chetia (POW)
Kalalung Kamei
Arambam Samerendra †
Angami Zapu Phizo †
Laldenga †
I. K. Songbijit Surrendered
Biswamohan Debbarma (POW)
Durga Minz Surrendered
Xabrias Khakha Surrendered
Prem Brahma Surrendered
Milton Burman (POW)
Tom Adhikary (POW)
Men Sing Takbi †
Pradip Terang Surrendered
Ranjit Debbarma (POW)
Strength
India 200,000 in Nagaland (1995)[6]
Bangladesh 70,000 (1992)[6]
Bhutan 8,634 (2008)[7]
Myanmar Unknown

1,500 (2010)[8]
2,000 (2005)[9]
4,500 (2007)[10]
225 (2008)[11]
200 (2024)[12]

850 (2004)[13]
ACF: 350 (2005)[14]
Unknown
Casualties and losses
Since 1992: 2,762 killed[15]
13–36 killed, 43–68 injured[a][16][17][18][19][excessive citations]		 Since 1992: 8,554 killed in India[15]
485–650 killed or captured in Bhutan[16][20]
40,000 civilians killed overall[21]
  1. ^ "Chinese agencies helping North East militants in Myanmar". Indian Express. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.(until 1976)
  2. ^ "Myanmar support gives NE rebels a shot in the arm". Times of India. 5 June 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  3. ^ "Did Bhutan offer Rs. 200cr to ULFA for shifting base?". Hindustan Times. 14 June 2014.
  4. ^ Suba Chandran, D (2015). Armed Conflict, Peace Audit and Early Warning 2014. SAGE Publishing. Maoists, in turn, are said to be providing explosives (ammonium nitrate) and funds to the northeast groups.
  5. ^ "ISI, al-Qaeda assisting Assam militants". The Times of India. 17 May 2003. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  6. ^ a b Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook pp. 81–82; 176; 227; 249–250; 272–273; 291–294
  7. ^ "Countries at the Crossroads: Bhutan". Freedom House. 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2016. and "Bhutan's Militia" Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Kuensel. 15 September 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  8. ^ Andrew T .H. Tan (18 October 2010). Politics of Terrorism: A Survey. Routledge. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-136-83336-6. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  9. ^ Nitin A. Gokhale (1 October 2005). "A life roughed–out in the jungle". Tehelka. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  10. ^ Lyle Morris (22 March 2011). "Is China Backing Indian Insurgents?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  11. ^ DailyExcelsior[permanent dead link].
  12. ^ "Will Assam agreement end insurgency?". deccanherald.com. 19 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  13. ^ Latimer, William (March 2004). "What can the United States learn from India to counter terrorism?" (PDF). Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
  14. ^ Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF) Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine — MIPT
  15. ^ a b "Fatalities in Terrorist Violence in India's Northeast ::South Asia Terrorism portal". Satp.org. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  16. ^ a b "A nation pays tribute". Kuensel Online. 15 August 2004. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  17. ^ "124 killed in Bhutan operation". The Tribune. 17 December 2003. Archived from the original on 3 January 2004. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  18. ^ Tobgay, Tshering (16 December 2011). "Thanking our armed forces". Tshering Tobgay. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  19. ^ "NDFB militants strike in Bhutan". The Times of India. 20 February 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  20. ^ Banerjee, Dipankar; Laishram, Bidhan S (5 January 2004). "Bhutan's "Operation All Clear": Implications for insurgency and security cooperation" (PDF). IPCS. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  21. ^ "India – Northeast (1979 – first combat deaths)". Ploug shares. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.


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