User:ZephyrAgz/sandbox: Difference between revisions

Patrick Joseph Buchanan (/bjuːˈkænən/; born November 2, 1938) is an American politician, author, and political commentator who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Republican Party, he previously worked as an assistant and special consultant to U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

Pat Buchanan
Official portrait, 1993
41st President of the United States
In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Vice President	Alexander Haig
Preceded by	Michael Dukakis
Succeeded by	John Smith
Personal details
Born	Patrick Joseph Buchanan (1938-11-02) November 2, 1938 (age 85) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Shelley Ann Scarney ​ (m. 1971)​
Education	Georgetown University (BA) Columbia University (MA)
Signature

Buchanan was born in Washington, D.C.. He graduated from Georgetown University with a B.A. in English in 1960 and from Columbia University with a M.A. in journalism in 1962. After working for the St. Louis Globe-Democrat and as an executive assistant in the Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie, Alexander, and Mitchell law offices in New York City, Buchanan was hired by the 1968 Nixon presidential campaign to primarily work as an opposition researcher. In 1974, Buchanan resigned from his White House position, during which he became entrusted on press relations, policy positions, and political strategy. He soon returned to writing columns and began regular appearances on radio and television. He stared as a regular on The McLaughlin Group, CNN's Crossfire, and The Capital Gang, making him nationally recognizable and a leading figure in the Paleoconservative movement. In 1992, Buchanan won the Republican nomination for president. Despite losing the popular vote, Buchanan was elected president.^[a] He defeated incumbent Democratic president Michael Dukakis in a contingent election, after a tie in the electoral college.^[b]

Buchanan presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. During his first term, Buchanan appointed Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito to the U.S. Supreme Court. He signed into law the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, Defense of Marriage Act, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. Buchanan vetoed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act and implemented a series of tariffs to protect American industries. Buchanan pursued an isolationist foreign policy. Despite treaty obligations and talks with United States allies, Buchanan refused to intervene in the Bosnian War, which was part of the much larger Yugoslav Wars.

In 1996, Buchanan was narrowly reelected. He defeated Democratic opponent Bill Clinton, but lost the popular vote again. Buchanan is the only two-term President to never win the popular vote in United States history. Upon taking office again, he implemented a policy of family separations for migrants detained at the U.S. border, and diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border. Buchanan opposed U.S. intervention in the Kosovo War. He attempted to pull the U.S. out of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, but Congress overrode Buchanan through the NATO Support Act. During the last three years of Buchanan's presidency, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969.

Political scientists have credited Buchanan with playing a key role in hastening political polarization and partisanship. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist, antisemitic, and xenophobic. Despite this, Buchanan's presidency ranks among the middle tier of historical rankings of U.S. presidents. Since leaving office, Buchanan has continued to be involved in American politics. He makes regular television appearances and opinion columns where he discusses issues facing the United States.

Robert Joseph Dole (July 22, 1923 – December 5, 2021) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1989 to 1997. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from Kansas and was the 42nd vice president from 1977 to 1981 under President Gerald Ford.

Bob Dole
Official portrait, 1989
40th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1997
Vice President	Jack Kemp
Preceded by	Ted Kennedy
Succeeded by	Bill Clinton
42nd Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
President	Gerald Ford
Preceded by	Nelson Rockefeller
Succeeded by	Henry M. Jackson
Senate Minority Leader
In office January 3, 1987 – June 11, 1988
Whip	Alan Simpson
Preceded by	Robert Byrd
Succeeded by	Alan Simpson
Senate Majority Leader
In office January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987
Whip	Alan Simpson
Preceded by	Howard Baker
Succeeded by	Robert Byrd
United States Senator from Kansas
In office January 20, 1981 – June 11, 1988
Preceded by	Shelby Smith
Succeeded by	Mike Hayden
In office January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1977
Preceded by	Frank Carlson
Succeeded by	Shelby Smith
Chair of the Republican National Committee
In office January 15, 1971 – January 19, 1973
Preceded by	Rogers Morton
Succeeded by	George H. W. Bush
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kansas
In office January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1969
Preceded by	Wint Smith
Succeeded by	Keith Sebelius
Constituency	6th district (1961–1963) 1st district (1963–1969)
County Attorney of Russell County, Kansas
In office 1953–1961
Member of the Kansas House of Representatives from the 81st district
In office January 9, 1951 – January 13, 1953
Preceded by	Elmo Mahoney
Succeeded by	R. C. Williams
Personal details
Born	Robert Joseph Dole (1923-07-22)July 22, 1923 Russell, Kansas, U.S.
Died	December 5, 2021(2021-12-05) (aged 98) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Political party	Republican
Spouses	Phyllis Holden ​ ​ (m. 1948; div. 1972)​ Elizabeth Hanford ​ (m. 1975)​
Children	1
Education	Washburn University (BA, LLB)
Signature
Website	https://doleinstitute.org/
Military service
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1942–1948
Rank	Captain Colonel (honorary)[1][2]
Unit	10th Mountain Division
Wars	World War II (WIA)
Awards	Purple Heart Bronze Star Medal
Bob Dole's voice Bob Dole discusses the legacy of veteran Senate reporters Recorded April 29, 1988
Other offices 1985–1988: Leader of the Senate Republican Conference 1981–1985: Chair of the Senate Finance Committee 1975–1979: Ranking Member of the Senate Agriculture Committee

Dole was born and raised in Russell, Kansas, where he established a legal career after serving with distinction in the United States Army during World War II. Following a period as Russell County Attorney, he won election to the House of Representatives in 1960. In 1968, Dole was elected to the Senate, where he served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 to 1973 and chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1981 to 1985. He led the Senate Republicans from 1985 to his resignation in 1996, and served as Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and from 1995 to 1996. In his role as Republican leader, he helped defeat Democratic President Bill Clinton's health care plan.

President Gerald Ford chose Dole as his running mate in the 1976 election after Vice President Nelson Rockefeller withdrew from seeking a full term. The Ford-Dole ticket was defeated by the Democratic ticket of Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale in the general election. Dole sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1980, but quickly dropped out of the race. He experienced more success in the 1988 Republican primaries but was defeated by Vice President George H. W. Bush. Dole won the Republican presidential nomination in 1996 and selected Jack Kemp as his running mate. The Republican ticket lost in the general election to Clinton, making Dole the first unsuccessful major party nominee for both president and vice president. He resigned from the Senate during the 1996 campaign and did not seek public office again after the election.

Dole remained active after retiring from public office. He appeared in numerous commercials and television programs and served on various councils. In 2012, Dole unsuccessfully advocated Senate ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. He initially supported Jeb Bush in the 2016 Republican primaries, but later became the only former Republican presidential nominee to endorse Donald Trump in the general election. Dole was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and special counsel at the Washington, D.C., office of law firm Alston & Bird.^[3] Dole was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on January 17, 2018. He was married to former U.S. Senator Elizabeth Dole of North Carolina.

Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American politician, businessman, and lawyer who has served as the junior United States senator from Utah since 2019. He served as the 70th governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and was the Republican Party's nominee for president of the United States in the 2012 election, losing to Barack Obama.

Mitt Romney
Official portrait, 2019
48th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 2005 – January 20, 2009
President	John McCain
Preceded by	Al Gore
Succeeded by	Joe Biden
United States Senator from Massachusetts
In office February 4, 2010 – January 3, 2019
Preceded by	Paul G. Kirk
Succeeded by	Joe Kennedy III
70th Governor of Massachusetts
In office January 2, 2003 – January 20, 2005
Lieutenant	Kerry Healey
Preceded by	Jane Swift (acting)
Succeeded by	Kerry Healey (acting)
Personal details
Born	Willard Mitt Romney (1947-03-12) March 12, 1947 (age 77) Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Political party	Republican (1993–present)
Other political affiliations	Independent (before 1993)
Spouse	Ann Davies ​ (m. 1969)​
Children	5, including Tagg
Parent(s)	George W. Romney Lenore LaFount
Relatives	Romney family
Residence(s)	Holladay, Utah, U.S.[4]
Education	Brigham Young University (BA) Harvard University (JD–MBA)
Occupation	Businessman, investor, politician, writer
Profession	Lawyer, management consultant
Awards	List of honors and awards
Signature
Website	Senate website
Mitt Romney's voice Mitt Romney's remarks on objections to the certification of the electoral results following the January 6 Capitol attack Recorded January 6, 2021

Raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, by George and Lenore Romney, he spent over two years in France as a Mormon missionary. He married Ann Davies in 1969; they have five sons. Active in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) throughout his adult life, Romney served as bishop of his ward and later as a stake president for an area covering Boston and many of its suburbs. By 1971, he had participated in the political campaigns of both his parents. In 1971 Romney graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from Brigham Young University (BYU) and in 1975 he received a JD–MBA degree from Harvard.^[5] He became a management consultant and in 1977 joined Bain & Company in Boston. As Bain's chief executive officer (CEO), he helped lead the company out of a financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation.

After stepping down from Bain Capital and his local leadership role in the LDS Church, Romney was the Republican nominee in the 1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts. After losing to five-term incumbent Ted Kennedy, he resumed his position at Bain Capital. Years later, a successful stint as president and CEO of the then-struggling Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics led to a relaunch of his political career. Elected governor of Massachusetts in 2002, Romney helped develop and later signed a health care reform law (commonly called "Romneycare") that provided near-universal health insurance access through state-level subsidies and individual mandates to purchase insurance. He also presided over the elimination of a projected $1.2–1.5 billion deficit through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and closing corporate tax loopholes. He did not seek reelection in 2006, focusing instead on his campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, ultimately losing the nomination to Senator John McCain. He ran for and won the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, becoming the first LDS Church member to be a major party's nominee. He lost the election to President Obama.

After reestablishing residency in Utah, Romney announced his campaign for the U.S. Senate seat held by the retiring Orrin Hatch in the 2018 election; he defeated state representative Mike Kennedy in the Republican primary and Democratic nominee Jenny Wilson in the general election. In doing so, he became only the third person ever to be elected governor of one state and U.S. senator for another state. Generally considered a moderate or centrist Republican,^[6][7] in 2020, Romney was the lone Republican to vote to convict Donald Trump in his first impeachment trial, making him the first senator ever to have voted to remove a president of the same party from office.^[8] Romney also voted to convict in Trump's second trial in 2021. He marched alongside Black Lives Matter protestors, voted to confirm Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court, supported gun control measures, and did not vote for Trump in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. In 2023, Romney announced he will not run for reelection in 2024 and will retire from the Senate when his term expires in 2025.^[9]

Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. (November 9, 1915 – January 18, 2011) was an American diplomat, politician, and activist. As the husband of Eunice Kennedy Shriver, he was part of the Kennedy family. Shriver was the driving force behind the creation of the Peace Corps, and founded the Job Corps, Head Start, VISTA, Upward Bound,^[10] and other programs as the architect of the 1960s War on Poverty.^[11] He was the Democratic Party's nominee for vice president in the 1972 presidential election.

Sargent Shriver
Shriver in 1961
45th Vice President of the United States
In office June 2, 1987 – January 20, 1989
President	Ted Kennedy
Preceded by	Gary Hart
Succeeded by	Jack Kemp
12th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
In office January 20, 1981 – June 2, 1987
President	Ted Kennedy
Preceded by	F. David Mathews
Succeeded by	Patricia Roberts Harris
United States Ambassador to France
In office May 25, 1968 – March 25, 1970
President	Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon
Preceded by	Charles E. Bohlen
Succeeded by	Arthur K. Watson
1st Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity
In office October 16, 1964 – March 23, 1968
President	Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Bertrand Harding
1st Director of the Peace Corps
In office March 22, 1961 – February 28, 1966
President	John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Jack Vaughn
49th President of the Chicago Board of Education
In office October 26, 1955 – October 10, 1960
Preceded by	William B. Traynor
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Marshall
Personal details
Born	Robert Sargent Shriver Jr. (1915-11-09)November 9, 1915 Westminster, Maryland, U.S.
Died	January 18, 2011(2011-01-18) (aged 95) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Eunice Kennedy ​ ​ (m. 1953; died 2009)​
Children	Bobby Maria Timothy Mark Anthony
Relatives	Kennedy family
Education	Yale University (BA, LLB)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Navy
Years of service	1941–1945
Rank	Lieutenant Commander
Battles/wars	World War II
Awards	Purple Heart American Campaign Medal Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal[12]

Born in Westminster, Maryland, Shriver attended Yale University, then Yale Law School, graduating in 1941.^[10] An opponent of U.S. entry into World War II, he helped establish the America First Committee but volunteered for the United States Navy before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. During the war, he served in the South Pacific, participating in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. After being discharged from the navy, he worked as an assistant editor for Newsweek and met Eunice Kennedy, marrying her in 1953.

He worked on the 1960 presidential campaign of his brother-in-law, John F. Kennedy, and helped establish the Peace Corps after Kennedy's victory. After Kennedy's assassination, Shriver served in the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson and helped establish several anti-poverty programs as director of the Office of Economic Opportunity from October 16, 1964, to March 22, 1968.^[13] He also served as the United States Ambassador to France from 1968 to 1970.^[10] In 1972, Democratic vice presidential nominee Thomas Eagleton resigned from the ticket, and Shriver was chosen as his replacement. The Democratic ticket of George McGovern and Shriver lost in a landslide election defeat to Republican President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew. Shriver briefly sought the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination but dropped out of the race after the first set of primaries.

After leaving office, he resumed the practice of law, becoming a partner with Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson. He also served as president of the Special Olympics and was briefly a part-owner of the Baltimore Orioles. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2003 and died in Bethesda, Maryland, in 2011.^[10]

Frank Forrester Church III (July 25, 1924 – April 7, 1984) was an American politician and lawyer. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States senator from Idaho from 1957 until his defeat in 1980. He was the longest serving Democratic senator from the state and the only Democrat from the state who served more than two terms in the Senate. He was a prominent figure in American foreign policy and established a reputation as a member of the party's liberal wing.

Frank Church
44th Vice President of the United States
In office September 14, 1983 – April 7, 1984
President	Ted Kennedy
Preceded by	Henry M. Jackson
Succeeded by	Gary Hart
United States Senator from Idaho
In office January 3, 1957 – September 14, 1983
Preceded by	Herman Welker
Succeeded by	Steve Symms
Personal details
Born	Frank Forrester Church III (1924-07-25)July 25, 1924 Boise, Idaho, U.S.
Died	April 7, 1984(1984-04-07) (aged 59) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Bethine Clark ​ (m. 1947)​
Children	2, including Forrest
Education	Stanford University (BA, LLB)
Occupation	Politician lawyer
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Years of service	1942–1946[a]
Rank	Second Lieutenant
Battles/wars	World War II China Burma India Theater

Born and raised in Boise, Idaho, he enrolled at Stanford University in 1942 but left to enlist in the Army. In the army, he served as a military intelligence officer in the China Burma India Theater of World War II. Following the end of the war, he completed his law degree from Stanford Law School and returned to Boise to practice law. Church became an active Democrat in Idaho and ran unsuccessfully for a seat in state legislature in 1952. In 1956, he was elected to the United States Senate, defeating former Senator Glen Taylor in a closely contested primary election and incumbent Herman Welker in the general election.

As a senator, he was a protégé of then-senate majority leader Lyndon B. Johnson, and was appointed to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. In 1960, Church received national exposure when he gave the keynote speech at the 1960 Democratic National Convention. Considered a strong progressive and environmental legislator, he played a major role in the creation of a system of protected wilderness areas. Church was highly critical of the Vietnam War, despite initially supporting it; he co-authored the Cooper–Church Amendment of 1970 and the Case–Church Amendment of 1973, which sought to curtail the war. In 1975, he chaired the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, better known as the Church Committee, laying the groundwork for the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978.

In 1976, Church belatedly sought the Democratic nomination for president, and announced his candidacy on March 18, 1976. Although he won primaries in Nebraska, Idaho, Oregon, and Montana, he withdrew in favor of former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter. Church was re-elected continuously to the Senate, defeating his Republican opponents in 1962, 1968, and 1974, until his defeat during the Republican wave of 1980. Following the end of his term, he practiced international law in Washington, D.C., specializing in Asian issues. Church was hospitalized for a pancreatic tumor on January 12, 1984, and he died less than three months later at his home in Bethesda, Maryland, on April 7, 1984.

ZephyrAgz/sandbox
Official portrait of Jackson, 1966
United States Senator from Washington
In office January 3, 1953 – September 1, 1983
Preceded by	Harry P. Cain
Succeeded by	Daniel J. Evans
28th Chair of the Democratic National Committee
In office July 17, 1960 – January 21, 1961
Preceded by	Paul Butler
Succeeded by	John Moran Bailey
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Washington's 2nd district
In office January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	Monrad Wallgren
Succeeded by	Jack Westland
Personal details
Born	Henry Martin Jackson (1912-05-31)May 31, 1912 Everett, Washington, U.S.
Died	September 1, 1983(1983-09-01) (aged 71) Everett, Washington, U.S.
Resting place	Evergreen Cemetery
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Helen Hardin ​ (m. 1961)​
Education	Stanford University (BA) University of Washington (JD)
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Army
Battles/wars	World War II

Henry Martin Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983), also known as Scoop Jackson, was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. representative (1941–1953) and U.S. senator (1953–1983) from the state of Washington. A Cold War liberal and anti-Communist member of the Democratic Party, Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union, while also supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions.^[14]

Born in Everett, Washington, to Norwegian immigrants, Jackson practiced law in Everett, after graduating from the University of Washington School of Law. He won election to Congress in 1940, and joined the Senate in 1953 after defeating incumbent Republican Party senator Harry P. Cain. Jackson supported the civil rights movement of the 1960s, and authored the National Environmental Policy Act, which helped establish the principle of publicly analyzing environmental impacts. He co-sponsored the Jackson–Vanik amendment, which denied normal trade relations to countries with restrictive emigration policies. Jackson served as chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources from 1963 to 1981. He was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1972 and 1976 presidential elections. While still serving in the Senate, Jackson died in 1983.

His political beliefs were characterized by support of civil rights, human rights, and safeguarding the environment but with an equally strong commitment to oppose totalitarianism in general and — with the start of the Cold War — Communist rule in particular.^[15] Jackson's political philosophies and positions have been cited as an influence on a number of key figures associated with neoconservatism, including Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle, both of whom previously served as aides to Jackson.^[14] The Seattle-based Henry M. Jackson Foundation was created in 1983 by his former colleagues and staff, as well as his widow and other family members, to further his work. In 1987, the Department of Defense gave to the Jackson Foundation a one-time, $10 million appropriation for its endowment, in honor of the Senator. To date, the Foundation has awarded over $26 million in grants to educational and non-profit institutions. Jackson also sponsored legislation to form the Foundation to Advance Military Medicine, which was later renamed in his honor at the time of his death, to the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine.

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