Centre-left coalition (Italy)

(Redirected from Centre-left in Italy)

The centre-left coalition (Italian: coalizione di centro-sinistra) is a political alliance of political parties in Italy active under several forms and names since 1995, when The Olive Tree was formed under the leadership of Romano Prodi. The centre-left coalition has ruled the country for more than fifteen years between 1996 and 2021; to do so, it had mostly to rely on a big tent that went from the more radical left-wing, which had more weight between 1996 and 2008, to the political centre, which had more weight during the 2010s, and its main parties were also part of grand coalitions and national unity governments.

Centre-left coalition
Coalizione di centro-sinistra
LeaderElly Schlein
FounderRomano Prodi
Founded6 March 1995 (1995-03-06)
Merger ofAlliance of Progressives
Pact for Italy
Political positionCentre-left to left-wing
ColoursRed
Chamber of Deputies[a]
136 / 400
Senate of the Republic[b]
71 / 200
European Parliament[c]
35 / 76
Regional Government
6 / 20
Regional Councils
270 / 897

  1. ^ Including PD-IDP, M5S, AVS, +E, CD and VdA
  2. ^ Including PD-IDP, M5S, AVS and Campobase
  3. ^ Including PD, M5S and AVS

The coalition mostly competed with the centre-right coalition founded by Silvio Berlusconi. In the 1996 Italian general election, The Olive Tree consisted of the majority of both the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the centrist Pact for Italy, the two losing coalitions in the 1994 Italian general election, the first under a system based primarily on first-past-the-post voting. In 2005, The Union was founded as a wider coalition to contest the 2006 Italian general election, which later collapsed due to Clemente Mastella during the 2008 Italian political crisis, with the fall of the second Prodi government.

In the late 2000s and early 2010s, the centre-left coalition has been built around the Democratic Party (PD), which was established in 2007 from a merger of Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom, the main parties affiliated to both The Olive Tree and The Union. The centre-left coalition was part of Italian governments from November 2011 to June 2018, when a coalition government between the Five Star Movement (M5S) and the League was formed.

In September 2019, the centre-left returned to power in coalition with the M5S, with centre-left parties participating in the national unity government of Mario Draghi, who was the country's prime minister from February 2021 until the 2022 Italian government crisis in July that led to the 2022 Italian general election. Under an electoral law (Rosatellum) that favoured unity and coalitions, a divided centre-left, M5S, and PD's centrist split parties suffered a loss to the centre-right coalition, which won a majority of seats since the 2008 Italian general election. Since 2023, PD, M5S, Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) and minor leftist parties often run within the same coalition at local and regional level in the Progressive Camp.[1][2]

History

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Road to The Olive Tree

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Prodi in 2011

Following the 1994 Italian general election, which was won by the centre-right coalition of Silvio Berlusconi, the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the centrist Pact for Italy started a parliamentary cooperation, which brought in March 1995 to the foundation of The Olive Tree.[3] The historical leader and ideologue of these coalitions was Romano Prodi, Professor of Economics and former member of Christian Democracy (DC), who invented the name and the symbol of The Olive Tree with Arturo Parisi in 1995.[4]

In 1995, Lega Nord exited the Pole of Freedoms and supported Lamberto Dini's technocratic government, together with the Pact for Italy and the Alliance of Progressives. On 21 April 1996, The Olive Tree won 1996 Italian general election with the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) as an external ally, making Romano Prodi the Prime Minister of Italy.[5] The Olive Tree's largest partner was the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), which contained the bulk of the former Italian Communist Party. The PDS supplied 16 ministers and 10 junior ministers; it was the first time that former PCI members had taken part in government since 1947. One of their leaders, Walter Veltroni, who ran in ticket with Prodi in a long electoral campaign, was Deputy Prime Minister of Italy. On 9 October 1998, the first Prodi government fell when PRC left the alliance. Since 21 October 1998, The Olive Tree was the core of the governments led by Massimo D'Alema and by Giuliano Amato. When D'Alema became the new prime minister, it was the first time ever in both Italy and Western Europe that an heir of the Communist party tradition came to lead a government. On 13 May 2001, led by Francesco Rutelli, who ran in ticket with Piero Fassino, the centre-left coalition lost the general elections against Berlusconi and the House of Freedoms.

The Union

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The Union was the direct heir of The Olive Tree. While The Union was an heterogenous alliance that also included Communist parties, they were not part of The Olive Tree. Prodi won the 2006 Italian general election by a very narrow margin due to the new electoral law enacted by Roberto Calderoli; Berlusconi refused to acknowledge defeat. Prodi's coalition proved to be extremely frail, as the two-vote margin in the Senate of the Republic allowed almost any party in the coalition to veto legislation and political views inside the coalition spanned from communists to Christian democrats.

 
Napolitano in 2006

On 7 May 2006, the centre-left coalition officially endorsed Giorgio Napolitano as its candidate in the 2006 Italian presidential election that began on 8 May. The Holy See endorsed him as the president of Italy through its official newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, just after The Union named him as its candidate, as did Marco Follini, former secretary of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDCC), a member party of the House of Freedoms. On 10 May 2006, Napolitano was elected in the fourth round of voting, the first of those requiring only an absolute majority, unlike the first three which required two-thirds of the votes, with 543 votes (out of a possible 1009). At the age of 80, he became the first former PCI member to become president of Italy

On 21 February 2007, less than a year after he had won the elections, Prodi tendered his resignation to Napolitano after the government was defeated in the Senate by two ballots in a vote on foreign policy. On 24 February, Napolitano invited Prodi to return to office and face a vote of confidence. Major causes of friction inside the coalition were the 2006 Pardon Act (it was criticised by the centre-right coalition and by the Italy of Values party), a draft bill to establish civil unions (vetoed by Christian democrats), Italy's continued involvement in Afghanistan (strongly opposed by left-wing parties), and the much publicised house-arrest of Clemente Mastella's wife (then a prominent politician at the regional level) over a corruption scandal. Mastella's party Union of Democrats for Europe held enough seats in the Senate that his eventual decision to withdraw its support for the government meant the end of the legislature on 6 February 2008. Mastella, who also resigned from his office as Minister of Justice, cited the proposed reform of the electoral system that would have made it difficult for small parties like his own to gain seats in the Italian Parliament, as well as the lack of personal support from his coalition partners' as one of the reasons behind his decision.[6]

Foundation of the Democratic Party

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The Democratic Party (PD) was founded on 14 October 2007 as a merger of various centre-left parties that had been part of The Union in the 2006 general election. At foundation, the majority of the PD was formed by the Democrats of the Left (DS), heirs of the PCI, and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy.[7] Within the party, an important role is played by Christian leftists, who are direct heirs of the former DC's left wing.[8][9][10] After the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi as prime minister in November 2011, the PD gave external support to Mario Monti's technocratic government.[11][12]

 
Renzi in 2015

Following the 2013 Italian general election and the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy, the PD was the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, and the European Parliament, respectively. Since April 2013, due to the inconclusive results of the 2013 general election held in February despite being the largest party and Pier Luigi Bersani's Italia. Bene Comune centre-left coalition, the PD member Enrico Letta was prime minister at the head of a government sustained by a grand coalition including The People of Freedom, which was later replaced by the New Centre-Right as the new Forza Italia (FI) went to the opposition, Civic Choice, and the Union of the Centre (UdC), the renamed UDCC that was later replaced by the Populars for Italy. Following his election as party leader in February 2014, Matteo Renzi called for "a new phase" and consequently the party's national board voted to ask Letta to resign.[13][14] Subsequently, Renzi was sworn in as prime minister at the head of the same coalition.[15]

By 2015, other than the national government, the PD led fifteen regional governments out of twenty and functioned as coalition partner in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The 2016 Italian constitutional referendum was supported by the majority of the centre-left coalition. Inside the centre-left coalition, UdC, the Federation of the Greens, Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology, Progressive Valdostan Union, Slovene Union, and Christian Popular Union campaigned for the "No" vote. The referendum was lost with 41% of "Yes" against 59% of "No" votes. After the referendum, Renzi tendered his resignation as prime minister and Paolo Gentiloni, also a member of the PD, became his successor. In the 2018 Italian general election, the centre-left coalition led by with Renzi obtained its worst result ever at 22.9% of the vote, well behind the centre-right coalition and the Five Star Movement (M5S). Following the defeat, Renzi resigned from secretary of the PD, and his deputy Maurizio Martina functioning afterwards as acting secretary.[16]

In September 2019, the PD formed a coalition government with the M5S and the PD's left-wing split Free and Equal (LeU), which was supported by the members of the centre-left coalition in 2018.[17][18] Following the 2021 Italian government crisis, which was caused by Renzi's Italia Viva (IV) centrist party, Giuseppe Conte was replaced by Mario Draghi. In February 2021, a national unity government including the PD, MS5, IV, Article One, and Berlusconi's FI and Matteo Salvini's rebranded and renamed League. The Draghi government collapsed during the 2022 Italian government crisis, leading to Draghi's resignation as prime minister that July and a snap general election being called for September. For the 2022 Italian general election, the centre-left coalition centered around the PD's Democratic and Progressive Italy electoral list, which was allied with the Civic Commitment, Greens and Left Alliance,[19] and More Europe lists. Due to the Italian electoral law of 2015 that was supported by Renzi and that favoured unity and coalition, the centre-left coalition, which was not able to form alliances with the M5S (accused of causing the fall of Draghi's government) and the PD's centrist party splits that were opposed to the left-wing parties of the coalition,[20] was defeated by the centre-right coalition led Brothers of Italy (the sole centre-right coalition to oppose the Draghi's government) of Giorgia Meloni, who returned to power for the first time since 2011.

The Olive Tree (1995–2005)

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1996–1998

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In the 1996 Italian general election and during the first Prodi government, the coalition was composed of the following parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)[a] Democratic socialism Massimo D'Alema
Italian People's Party (PPI)[b] Christian democracy Franco Marini
Italian Renewal (RI)[c] Liberalism Lamberto Dini
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Carlo Ripa di Meana
  1. ^ Including the Labour Federation, the Social Christians, the Republican Left, the Movement of Unitarian Communists and the Democratic Federation.
  2. ^ It contested the election under the banner of the Populars for Prodi joint list, along with the Democratic Union, the Italian Republican Party and the South Tyrolean People's Party. The list included also the Federation of Liberals.
  3. ^ Including the Italian Socialists, the Democratic Italian Movement and Segni Pact.

The coalition had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV) Veneto Regionalism Mario Rigo
Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) Sardinia Sardinian nationalism Franco Meloni

The Olive Tree presented candidates of The Network and the Ladin Autonomist Union in some first-past-the-post constituencies. The coalition also made an agreement of desistance with the Communist Refoundation Party in some first-past-the-post constituencies,[21] which ran under the banner of the Progressives.

1998–2001

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In 1998, the Communist Refoundation Party brought down the first Prodi government.[22] with a splinter faction forming the Party of Italian Communists.[23] In 1998–2001, during the two governments led by Massimo D'Alema (1998–2000) and the one led by Giuliano Amato (2000–2001), the coalition was composed of eight parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Italian People's Party (PPI) Christian democracy Franco Marini / Pierluigi Castagnetti
The Democrats (Dem) Social liberalism Romano Prodi / Arturo Parisi
Italian Renewal (RI) Liberalism Lamberto Dini
Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Armando Cossutta / Oliviero Diliberto
Italian Democratic Socialists[a] (SDI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Luigi Manconi / Grazia Francescato
Democratic Union for the Republic (UDR)[b] Christian democracy Clemente Mastella
Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR)[c]
  1. ^ The party did not participate in D'Alema II Cabinet and briefly formed The Clover coalition, along with the Italian Republican Party and the Union for the Republic.
  2. ^ Until February 1999.
  3. ^ Since May 1999.

2001 general election

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In the 2001 Italian general election, the coalition was led by Francesco Rutelli, and was composed of nine parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS)[a] Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Democracy is Freedom (DL)[b] Social liberalism / Christian left Francesco Rutelli
The Sunflower[c] Green politics / Social democracy Grazia Francescato / Enrico Boselli
Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Oliviero Diliberto
New Country (PN)[d] Single-issue politics None
  1. ^ Including the Mancini List.
  2. ^ Joint list composed of Italian People's Party, The Democrats, Italian Renewal and Union of Democrats for Europe; the list included also the Federation of Liberals.
  3. ^ Joint list composed of the Federation of the Greens and the Italian Democratic Socialists.
  4. ^ New Country was a lista civetta.

The coalition had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Siegfried Brugger
With Illy for Trieste Friuli-Venezia Giulia Regionalism Riccardo Illy

The Olive Tree made an agreement of desistance with the Communist Refoundation Party in the first-past-the-post constituencies.

2004 EP election

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In the 2004 European Parliament election in Italy, the United in the Olive Tree joint list, was composed of four parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS) Social democracy Piero Fassino
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) Social liberalism Francesco Rutelli
Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
European Republicans Movement (MRE) Social liberalism Luciana Sbarbati

The list was connected with the following regional partners:

Party Ideology Leader
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[a] Regionalism Siegfried Brugger
Valdostan Union (UV) Regionalism Manuela Zublena

The Union (2005–2008)

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2006 general election

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In the 2006 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of thirteen parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democrats of the Left (DS)[a] Social democracy Piero Fassino
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL)[a] Social liberalism Francesco Rutelli
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) Communism Fausto Bertinotti
Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI)[b] Social democracy Enrico Boselli
Italian Radicals (RI)[b] Liberalism Emma Bonino
Italy of Values[c] (IdV) Anti-corruption politics Antonio Di Pietro
Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) Communism Oliviero Diliberto
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio
Union of Democrats for Europe (UDEUR) Christian democracy Clemente Mastella
Pensioners' Party (PP) Pensioners' interests Carlo Fatuzzo
The Italian Socialists (SI) Social democracy Bobo Craxi
Consumers' List (LC)[d] Consumer protection Renato Campiglia
United Consumers Consumer protection Bruno De Vita
Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI)[a] Social democracy Giorgio Carta
European Republicans Movement (MRE)[a] Social liberalism Luciana Sbarbati
United Democratic Christians (DCU) Christian democracy Giovanni Mongiello
  1. ^ a b c d DS, DL, MRE and PSDI contested the election for the Chamber within The Olive Tree joint list.
  2. ^ a b SDI and RI contested elections within the Rose in the Fist joint list. The list was also supported by the Federation of Liberals.
  3. ^ Including the Democratic Republicans.
  4. ^ Including the Christian Democracy, The Liberals Sgarbi and the Southern Democratic Party.

The coalition had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)[a] Aosta Valley Regionalism Carlo Perrin
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[b] Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Elmar Pichler Rolle
Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda (LAL) Lombardy Regionalism Matteo Brivio
Liga Fronte Veneto (LFV) Veneto Regionalism Fabrizio Comencini

The coalition was supported by the Autonomists for Europe, Radicals of the Left, and the New Action Party.

PD-led coalitions (2008–present)

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2008 general election

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In the 2008 Italian general election, the coalition was led by Walter Veltroni,[24] and was composed of three parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party[a] (PD) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Italy of Values (IdV) Anti-corruption politics Antonio Di Pietro

The coalition also had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[a] Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Philipp Achammer
Autonomy Liberty Democracy[b] (ALD) Aosta Valley Regionalism Roberto Louvin
  1. ^ The SVP ran independently for the Chamber and in 4 out of 6 colleges in Trentino-Alto Adige for the Senate in a joint list with the other centre-left parties (Democratic Party, Italy of Values, Socialist Party, Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party and Daisy Civic List).[25]
  2. ^ Also including the Vallée d'Aoste Vive, the Alternative Greens and the Valdostan Renewal.

2013 general election

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In the 2013 Italian general election, the coalition ran as Italy. Common Good under the leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani,[26] and was composed of the following parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party (PD)[a] Social democracy Pier Luigi Bersani
Left Ecology Freedom (SEL)[b] Democratic socialism Nichi Vendola
Democratic Centre (CD) Christian left Bruno Tabacci
Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Social democracy Riccardo Nencini
Moderates (Mod.) Liberalism Giacomo Portas
  1. ^ Including candidates of the Italian Socialist Party, the Moderates and the Slovene Union.[27]
  2. ^ Including Greens of South Tyrol.

The coalition had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)[a] Aosta Valley Regionalism Several
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[b][c] Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Richard Theiner
The Megaphone – Crocetta List Sicily Regionalism Rosario Crocetta
  1. ^ Including Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP) and Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology (ALPE).
  2. ^ Including candidates of the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party.
  3. ^ The SVP contested the election for the Senate in a joint list with the PD and the Union for Trentino in three out of six constituencies and with the PD in one constituency.

2018 general election

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In the 2018 Italian general election, the coalition was led by Matteo Renzi, and was composed of four electoral lists:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party (PD)[a] Social democracy Matteo Renzi
More Europe (+E)[b] Liberalism Emma Bonino
Italy Europe Together (IEI)[c] Progressivism Giulio Santagata
Popular Civic List (CP)[d] Christian democracy Beatrice Lorenzin

The coalition had the following regional partners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Valdostan Union (UV)[a] Aosta Valley Regionalism Ennio Pastoret
Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP)[a] Regionalism Laurent Viérin
Valdostan Autonomist Popular Edelweiss (EPAV)[a] Regionalism Mauro Baccega
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[b] Trentino-Alto Adige Regionalism Philipp Achammer
Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT)[b] Regionalism Franco Panizza
  1. ^ a b c It was part of the Aosta Valley list, along with the PD and other Valdostan parties.
  2. ^ a b SVP and PATT ran in a joint list.

The centre-left coalition was also supported by the Ladin Autonomist Union[28] and the Slovene Union.[29]

2022 general election

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In the 2022 Italian general election, the alliance was formed by four parties:

Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD–IDP)[a] Social democracy Enrico Letta
More Europe (+E)[b] Liberalism Emma Bonino
Civic Commitment (IC)[c] Centrism Luigi Di Maio
Greens and Left Alliance (AVS)[d] Eco-socialism Angelo Bonelli
  1. ^ Including Democratic Party (PD), Article One (Art.1), Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Solidary Democracy (DemoS), European Republicans Movement (MRE), Volt Italy (Volt), Italian Base (BASE), Brave Emilia-Romagna, Italian Radicals, With Emiliano (CE), Centrists for Europe (CpE), For Apulia (XLP), Green Italia (GI), èViva and supported by Environment 2050.[30]
  2. ^ Including Forza Europa (FE) and Team K (TK).
  3. ^ Including Together for the Future (IpF), Democratic Centre (CD) and Innovative Democratic Socialist Proposal (PSDI).
  4. ^ Including Italian Left (SI), Green Europe (EV), Possible (Pos), Environment Rights Equality (ADU), Greens of South Tyrol (Grüne) and Sardinian Progressives (PS).

The coalition contested the election in some regions under the following banners:

Party Region Ideology Leader
Aosta Valley (VdA)[a] Aosta Valley Several Several
Democratic Alliance for Autonomy (ADU)[b] Trentino-Alto Adige Several Several

There were regional agreements between the centre-left coalition and Action – Italia Viva in Trentino for the Senate election and in Aosta Valley for both Chamber and Senate elections. The Italian Left ran instead with the Five Star Movement and Democratic Area in Aosta Valley.

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Electoral results

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Italian Parliament

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Election Leader Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic
Votes % Seats +/– Position Votes % Seats +/– Position
1996 Romano Prodi 16,355,985 43.6
323 / 630
New 1st 14,548,006 44.6
167 / 315
New 1st
2001 Francesco Rutelli 16,209,944 43.5
247 / 630
  75   2nd 13,282,495 39.2
128 / 315
  41   2nd
2006 Romano Prodi 19,036,986 49.8
348 / 630
  101   1st 17,118,364 49.2
158 / 315
  30   2nd
2008 Walter Veltroni 13,689,303 37.5
239 / 630
  109   2nd 12,457,182 38.7
130 / 315
  28   2nd
2013 Pier Luigi Bersani 10,047,603 29.5
345 / 630
  106   1st 9,686,683 31.6
127 / 315
  3   1st
2018 Matteo Renzi 7,506,723 22.9
122 / 630
  223   3rd 6,947,199 23.0
58 / 315
  69   3rd
2022 Enrico Letta 7,337,975 26.1
85 / 400
  37   2nd 7,161,688 25.4
44 / 200
  14   2nd

Regional Councils

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Region Election year Votes % Seats +/−
Aosta Valley 2020 10,106 (3rd) 15.5
7 / 35
  7
Piedmont 2019 936,099 (2nd) 35.2
17 / 51
  3
Lombardy[a] 2023 945,148 (2nd) 32.8
24 / 80
  7
South Tyrol[b] 2023 66,353 23.6
8 / 35
  2
Trentino 2023 78,545 (2nd) 33.8
13 / 35
  5
Veneto 2020 337,454 (2nd) 16.4
9 / 51
  3
Friuli-Venezia Giulia[a] 2023 117,469 (2nd) 29.7
18 / 49
 
Emilia-Romagna 2020 1,040,482 (1st) 48.1
29 / 50
  3
Liguria[a] 2020 242,652 (2nd) 38.7
12 / 31
  2
Tuscany 2020 764,123 (1st) 47.1
25 / 41
 
Marche 2020 227,183 (2nd) 36.5
9 / 31
  10
Umbria[a] 2019 153,784 (2nd) 36.8
8 / 21
  7
Lazio 2023 519,066 (2nd) 33.6
15 / 50
  9
Abruzzo[a] 2024 262,565 (2nd) 45.3
12 / 31
 
Molise[a] 2023 48,936 (2nd) 34.6
7 / 21
  1
Campania 2020 1,616,540 (1st) 68.6
33 / 51
  2
Apulia 2020 759,732 (1st) 45.3
28 / 51
  2
Basilicata[a] 2024 108,135 (2nd) 41.4
8 / 21
 
Calabria[a] 2021 208,980 (2nd) 27.4
8 / 30
  2
Sicily 2022 341,252 (3rd) 16.1
11 / 70
  2
Sardinia[a] 2024 293,288 (2nd)[c] 42.5
36 / 60
  12
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i The centre-left coalition ran with the Five Star Movement.
  2. ^ In South Tyrol the centre-left coalition ran divided.
  3. ^ The centre-right coalition won the party vote but lost the presidential election.

References

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  1. ^ I sondaggi e l’effetto Todde, il campo progressista a un solo punto dal centrodestra. Fratelli d’Italia al secondo ribasso di fila. Il Fatto Quotidiano
  2. ^ Conte: “Meloni non dura e il M5S da solo non vince. Nel campo progressista il Pd è un protagonista”. la Repubblica
  3. ^ Roberto Biorcio (2002). "Italy". In Ferdinand Muller-Rommel; Thomas Poguntke (eds.). Green Parties in National Governments. Routledge. pp. 42–44. ISBN 978-1-135-28826-6.
  4. ^ "Ulivo, L' nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it.
  5. ^ Christina Holtz-Bacha; Gianpietro Mazzoleni (2004). The Politics of Representation: Election Campaigning and Proportional Representation. Peter Lang. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8204-6148-9.
  6. ^ BBC, 16 January 2008 Italian justice minister resigns(in English)
  7. ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  8. ^ Vespa, Bruno (2010). Il Cuore e la Spada: Storia politica e romantica dell'Italia unita, 1861-2011. Mondadori. p. 650. ISBN 9788852017285.
  9. ^ Augusto, Giuliano (8 December 2013), "De profundis per il Pd", Rinascita, archived from the original on 1 March 2014
  10. ^ Gioli, Sergio (19 November 2013), "Ultimo treno a sinistra", Quotidiano.net
  11. ^ "Via libera definitivo a Monti "Clima nuovo, ce la faremo"". Corriere della Sera. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  12. ^ "Camera, fiducia ampia Il Pdl: esecutivo di tregua, l' Ici si può riesaminare". Corriere Della Sera. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  13. ^ "Italian PM Enrico Letta to resign", The Guardian
  14. ^ "Renzi liquida Letta: "Via dalla palude" Venerdì il premier al Quirinale per le dimissioni", Corriere.it
  15. ^ Rubino, Monica, "Il governo Renzi ha giurato al Colle, è in carica. Gelo con Letta alla consegna della campanella", Repubblica.it
  16. ^ "Dimissioni Renzi: La guida del partito va a Martina - Corriere.it".
  17. ^ Johnson, Miles (21 May 2019). "Italy's centre-left confident it can challenge the populists". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  18. ^ "Italy's center left green-lights potential coalition with 5Stars". Politico. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  19. ^ Amante, Angelo (6 August 2022). "Italian centre-left alliance boosted as another group signs up". Reuters. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  20. ^ "Italy's centre-left suffers blow as centrist party quits electoral pact". www.euractiv.com. 8 August 2022.
  21. ^ Giuseppe Ieraci (2008). Governments and Parties in Italy: Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006). Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-906221-72-0.
  22. ^ Giuseppe Ieraci (2008). Governments and Parties in Italy: Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006). Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-906221-72-0.
  23. ^ Gianfranco Pasquino (2002). "The political context 1996-2001". In James L. Newell (ed.). The Italian General Election of 2001: Berlusconi's Victory. Manchester University Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6100-4.
  24. ^ "Berlusconi declares election win". BBC News. 14 April 2008.
  25. ^ "Svp e Insieme per le autonomie firmano il "patto di Salorno"(". 5 March 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.[permanent dead link]
  26. ^ "Italian election results: gridlock likely – as it happened". Guardian. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
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