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In medicine, the '''Ilizarov apparatus''' is a type of [[external fixation]] apparatus used in [[orthopedic surgery]] to lengthen or to reshape the damaged bones of an arm or a leg; used as a [[limb-sparing techniques|limb-sparing technique]] for treating complex fractures and open [[bone fracture]]s; and used to treat an infected non-union of bones, which cannot be surgically resolved. The Ilizarov apparatus corrects angular deformity in a leg, corrects differences in the lengths of the legs of the patient, and resolves osteopathic non-unions;<ref name="Spiegelberg"/> further developments of the Ilizarov apparatus progressed to the development of the [[Taylor Spatial Frame]].
 
Dr. [[Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov]] developed the Ilizarov apparatus as a limb-sparing surgical remedy for the treatment of the [[non-union|osteopathic non-unions]] of patients with unhealed broken limbs.<ref name="Spiegelberg">{{cite journal |pmid=20353638 |vauthors=Spiegelberg B, Parratt T, Dheerendra SK, Khan WS, Jennings R, Marsh DR |title= Ilizarov Principles of Deformity Correction |journal= Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England |year=2010 |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages= 101–5 |doi=10.1308/003588410X12518836439326 |pmc=3025247}}</ref> Consequent to a patient lengthening, rather than shortening, the adjustable-rod frame of his external-fixation apparatus, Dr. Ilizarov observed the formation of a [[fibrocartilage callus]] at and around the site of the bone fracture, and so discovered the phenomenon of [[distraction osteogenesis]], the regeneration of bone and soft tissues that culminates in the creation of new bone.<ref name="Spiegelberg"/>
 
In 1987, the Ilizarov apparatus and Dr. Ilizarov's surgical techniques for repairing the broken bones of damaged limbs were introduced to U.S. medicine.<ref name= "SIlizarovp15"/> The mechanical functions of the Ilizarov apparatus derive from the mechanics of the [[shaft bow]] harness for a horse.<ref name= "SIlizarov">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yNTED-6REewC&q=ilizarov+method+limb+lengthening |chapter = The Ilizarov Method: History and Scope |title= Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Surgery |author= Svetlana Ilizarov |editor1= S. Robert Rozbruch |editor2=Svetlana Ilizarov |publisher= CRC Press |year= 2006 |isbn= 0849340519 |pages=3–6 }}</ref>
 
==The apparatus==
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The Ilizarov surgical method of [[distraction osteogenesis]] (regeneration of bone and soft tissues) for repairing complex fractures of the bones of the limbs is the preferred treatment for cases featuring a high risk of bacterial [[infection]]; and for cases wherein the extent and severity of the fracture precludes using [[internal fixator]]s to immobilise the damaged bone for proper repair.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Paley|first1=Dror|author-link1=Dror Paley|last2=Kovelman|first2=Harry F|last3=Herzenberg |first3=John E|editor=Stauffer, Richard|title=Advances in Operative Orthopaedics: Volume 1|url=http://limblengtheningdoc.org/Ilizarov_techonlogy.pdf|access-date=14 January 2012|date=October 1993|publisher=Mosby Inc|isbn=978-0-8151-7939-9|pages=243–287|chapter=Ilizarov technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319034110/http://limblengtheningdoc.org/Ilizarov_techonlogy.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>
 
In 1968, Dr. Ilizarov successfully treated the [[Nonunion|non-union osteopathy]] of [[Valeriy Brumel]], a Soviet athlete, who suffered a broken ankle and a broken shinbone (tibia) of the right leg,<ref name="Spiegelberg"/> had undergone more than twenty failed bone-repair surgeries in three years, and yet his broken leg-bones had not healed and the leg was shorter than before the motorcycle accident in 1965.<ref name= "SIlizarov"/> By way of distraction osteogenesis and an external-fixation apparatus, Dr. Ilizarov resolved Brumel's osteopathic non-union, by growing new leg bone, which extended the athlete's leg {{convert|3.5|cm|abbr=on}} to its normal length.<ref name= "SIlizarov"/>
 
In 1980, Ilizarov successfully treated the osteopathic non-union of [[Carlo Mauri]], a journalist and an explorer, who, ten years earlier, had broken the distal end of a tibia in an Alpine accident, yet his broken leg-bone had yet to heal.<ref name="Spiegelberg"/><ref name= "SIlizarovp15">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yNTED-6REewC&q=ilizarov+method+limb+lengthening |chapter = The Ilizarov Method: History and Scope |title= Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Surgery |author= Svetlana Ilizarov |editor1= S. Robert Rozbruch |editor2=Svetlana Ilizarov |publisher= CRC Press |year= 2006 |isbn= 0849340519 |pages=15–16 }}</ref> During an expedition in the Atlantic Ocean, Mauri's leg wound reopened; a concerned teammate, a Russian doctor, recommended that Mauri consult with Dr. Ilizarov for proper diagnosis, surgical repair, and treatment in the city of [[Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], Russia.<ref name="Spiegelberg"/><ref name= "SIlizarovp15"/>
 
In 2013, consequent to a PTSD-induced fall that broke his left leg, the British war correspondent [[Ed Vulliamy]] underwent limb-sparing medical treatment that featured surgeries and an Ilizarov apparatus to repair and heal the severely fractured bones in his left leg.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/dec/13/how-comrade-ilazarov-got-me-on-my-feet-ed-vulliamy |title=How Comrade Ilizarov Saved My Leg |newspaper=The Observer|date=13 December 2015 |author=Ed Vulliamy |access-date= 13 December 2015}}</ref>
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