774–775 carbon-14 spike: Difference between revisions
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The event appears to have been global, with the same carbon-14 signal found in tree rings from [[Germany]], [[Russia]], the [[United States]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="usoskin"/><ref name="jull"/><ref name="guettler"/> A "red crucifix" was recorded by the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' as appearing in the skies of Britain for the year 774; since no supernova remnant has been found for this year, it is interpreted as an [[aurora borealis]].<ref name="usoskin"/> |
The event appears to have been global, with the same carbon-14 signal found in tree rings from [[Germany]], [[Russia]], the [[United States]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="usoskin"/><ref name="jull"/><ref name="guettler"/> A "red crucifix" was recorded by the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' as appearing in the skies of Britain for the year 774; since no supernova remnant has been found for this year, it is interpreted as an [[aurora borealis]].<ref name="usoskin"/> |
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In China, there are no clear references to an aurora in the mid 770s CE, as happened on 762; and "comet"-sightings of the 770s do not match the expected atmospheric phenomena.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chapman, J. |author2=Neuhäuser, D.L. |author3=Neuhäuser, R. |author4=Csikszentmihalyi, M. |title=A review of East Asian reports of aurorae and comets circa AD 775 |journal=Astronomische Nachrichten |volume=336 |issue=6 |publisher=WILEY-VCH Verlag |doi=10.1002/asna.201512193 |pages=530-544 |year=2015}}</ref> Instead an anomalous "thunderstorm" was recorded for 775.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Searching for events in Chinese ancient records to explain the increase in <sup>14</sup>C from AD 774–775 and AD 993–994 |authors=Ya-Ting Chai and Yuan-Chuan Zou | year=2015 |journal=Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume= 15|issue= 9}}</ref> |
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[[File:Time profile of the 774 AD spike in C-14..jpg|thumb|Fig.1 The time profile of the [[carbon-14]] spike around 774 CE. The colored dots represent the measurements in Japanese (M12) and German (Oak) trees, while the black lines represent the modeled profile corresponding to the instant production of [[carbon-14]]. Modified after.<ref name="usoskin"/>{{clarify|date=February 2016}}]] |
[[File:Time profile of the 774 AD spike in C-14..jpg|thumb|Fig.1 The time profile of the [[carbon-14]] spike around 774 CE. The colored dots represent the measurements in Japanese (M12) and German (Oak) trees, while the black lines represent the modeled profile corresponding to the instant production of [[carbon-14]]. Modified after.<ref name="usoskin"/>{{clarify|date=February 2016}}]] |
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The common paradigm is that the event was caused by a solar particle event (SPE) from a very strong [[solar flare]], perhaps the strongest ever known, but still within the Sun's abilities.<ref name="usoskin"/><ref name="melott"/><ref name="usoskin12"/><ref name="thomas"/><ref name="mek15">{{cite journal | date=2015 | author=Mekhaldi | display-authors=etal | journal =Nature Comm.| volume=6 | pages=8611 | doi=10.1038/ncomms9611 | title=Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4|bibcode = 2015NatCo...6E8611M }}</ref> |
The common paradigm is that the event was caused by a solar particle event (SPE) from a very strong [[solar flare]], perhaps the strongest ever known, but still within the Sun's abilities.<ref name="usoskin"/><ref name="melott"/><ref name="usoskin12"/><ref name="thomas"/><ref name="mek15">{{cite journal | date=2015 | author=Mekhaldi | display-authors=etal | journal =Nature Comm.| volume=6 | pages=8611 | doi=10.1038/ncomms9611 | title=Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4|bibcode = 2015NatCo...6E8611M }}</ref> |
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Another discussed scenario of the event origin, involving a [[gamma-ray burst]],<ref name="pavlov"/><ref name="hamb"/> appears unlikely since the event was also observed in isotopes <sup>10</sup>Be and [[Chlorine-36|<sup>36</sup>Cl]].<ref name="mek15"/> |
Another discussed scenario of the event origin, involving a [[gamma-ray burst]],<ref name="pavlov"/><ref name="hamb"/> appears unlikely since the event was also observed in isotopes <sup>10</sup>Be and [[Chlorine-36|<sup>36</sup>Cl]].<ref name="mek15"/> |
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Also, in China, an anomalous "thunderstorm" was recorded for 775 CE which probably happened in January 776.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Searching for events in Chinese ancient records to explain the increase in <sup>14</sup>C from AD 774–775 and AD 993–994 |authors=Ya-Ting Chai and Yuan-Chuan Zou | year=2015 |journal=Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume= 15|issue= 9}}</ref> But this is not a clear references to an ''aurora'', as happened on 762.<ref>{{cite journal |
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|author1=Chapman, J. |
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|author2=Neuhäuser, D.L. |
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|author3=Neuhäuser, R. |
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|author4=Csikszentmihalyi, M. |
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|title=A review of East Asian reports of aurorae and comets circa AD 775 |
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|journal=Astronomische Nachrichten |
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|volume=336 |
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|issue=6 |
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|publisher=WILEY-VCH Verlag |
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|doi=10.1002/asna.201512193 |
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|pages= 530- 544 |
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|year=2015}}</ref> |
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==Frequency of similar events== |
==Frequency of similar events== |
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Revision as of 19:11, 5 October 2016
The 774–775 Carbon-14 Spike is an observed increase of 1.2% in the concentration of carbon-14 isotope in tree rings dated to the years 774 or 775 CE, which is about 20 times as high as the normal background rate of variation. It was discovered during a study of Japanese cedar trees, with the year of occurrence determined through dendrochronology.[1] A surge in beryllium isotope 10Be, detected in Antarctic ice cores, has also been associated with the 774–775 event.[2]
The event appears to have been global, with the same carbon-14 signal found in tree rings from Germany, Russia, the United States, and New Zealand.[2][3][4] A "red crucifix" was recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as appearing in the skies of Britain for the year 774; since no supernova remnant has been found for this year, it is interpreted as an aurora borealis.[2]
In China, there are no clear references to an aurora in the mid 770s CE, as happened on 762; and "comet"-sightings of the 770s do not match the expected atmospheric phenomena.[5] Instead an anomalous "thunderstorm" was recorded for 775.[6]
The signal exhibits a sharp increase of ~1.2% followed by a slow decline (see Figure 1), which is typical for an instant production of carbon-14 in the atmosphere,[2] indicating that the event was short in duration. The globally averaged production of carbon-14 for this event is calculated as Q= (1.1-1.5)×108 atoms/cm2.[2][7][8]
Hypotheses
Several possible causes of the event have been considered.
The common paradigm is that the event was caused by a solar particle event (SPE) from a very strong solar flare, perhaps the strongest ever known, but still within the Sun's abilities.[2][7][9][10][11] Another discussed scenario of the event origin, involving a gamma-ray burst,[8][12] appears unlikely since the event was also observed in isotopes 10Be and 36Cl.[11]
Frequency of similar events
The event of 774 is the strongest spike over the last 11,000 years in the record of cosmogenic isotopes,[9] but it is not unique. A similar event occurred in 993 or 994, but it was only 0.6 times as strong.[13] Several other events of the same kind are also suspected to have occurred during the Holocene epoch.[9]
From these statistics, one may expect that such strong events occur once per tens of millennia, while weaker events may occur once per millennium or even century. The event of 774 did not cause catastrophic consequences for life on Earth,[10] but had it happened in modern times, it may have produced catastrophic damage to modern technology, particularly to communication and space-borne navigation systems. In addition, a solar flare capable of producing the observed isotopic effect would pose considerable risk to astronauts. [14]
See also
References
- ^ Miyake, F.; Nagaya, K.; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, T. (2012). "A signature of cosmic-ray increase in AD 774–775 from tree rings in Japan". Nature. 486 (7402): 240–242. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..240M. doi:10.1038/nature11123.
- ^ a b c d e f g Usoskin, I. G.; et al. (2013). "The AD775 cosmic event revisited: The Sun is to blame". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 552 (1): L3. arXiv:1302.6897. Bibcode:2013A&A...552L...3U. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321080.
- ^ Jull, A.J.T.; Panyushkina, I.P.; Lange, T.E.; et al. (2014). "Excursions in the 14C record at AD 774-775 in tree rings from Russia and America". Geophys. Res. Lett. 41: 3004–3010. Bibcode:2014GeoRL..41.3004J. doi:10.1002/2014GL059874.
- ^ Güttler, D.; Beer, J.; Bleicher, N. (2013). "The 774/775 AD event in the southern hemisphere". Annual report of the laboratory of ion beam physics. ETH-Zurich.
- ^ Chapman, J.; Neuhäuser, D.L.; Neuhäuser, R.; Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2015). "A review of East Asian reports of aurorae and comets circa AD 775". Astronomische Nachrichten. 336 (6). WILEY-VCH Verlag: 530–544. doi:10.1002/asna.201512193.
- ^ "Searching for events in Chinese ancient records to explain the increase in 14C from AD 774–775 and AD 993–994". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 15 (9). 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b Melott, A.L.; Thomas, B.C. (2012). "Causes of an AD 774-775 C increase". Nature. 491: E1. arXiv:1212.0490. Bibcode:2012Natur.491E...1M. doi:10.1038/nature11695.
- ^ a b
Pavlov, A.K.; Blinov, A.V.; Konstantinov, A.N.; et al. (2013). "AD 775 pulse of cosmogenic radionuclides production as imprint of a Galactic gamma-ray burst". Mon. Notes R. Astron. Soc. 435: 2878–2884. arXiv:1308.1272. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.435.2878P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1468.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Usoskin, I.G.; Kovaltsov, G.A. (2012). "Occurrence of Extreme Solar Particle Events: Assessment from Historical Proxy Data". Astrophys. J. 757: 92. arXiv:1207.5932. Bibcode:2012ApJ...757...92U. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/92.
- ^ a b Thomas, B. C.; Melott, A. L.; Arkenberg, K. R.; Snyder, B. R. (2013). "Terrestrial effects of possible astrophysical sources of an AD 774-775 increase in 14C production". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (6): 1237. arXiv:1302.1501. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.1237T. doi:10.1002/grl.50222.
- ^ a b Mekhaldi; et al. (2015). "Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4". Nature Comm. 6: 8611. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E8611M. doi:10.1038/ncomms9611.
- ^
Hambaryan, V. V.; Neuhauser, R. (2013). "A Galactic short gamma-ray burst as cause for the 14C peak in AD 774/5". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 430 (1): 32–36. arXiv:1211.2584. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.430...32H. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts378.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Miyake, F.; Masuda, K.; Nakamura, T. (2013). "Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings". Nature Comm. 4: 1748. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4E1748M. doi:10.1038/ncomms2783.
- ^ Townsend, L. W.; Porter, J. A.; deWet, W. C; Smith, W. J.; McGirl, N. A.; Heilbronn, L. H.; Moussa, H. M. (2016-06-01). "Extreme solar event of AD775: Potential radiation exposure to crews in deep space". Acta Astronautica. Special Section: Selected Papers from the International Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation Flying 2015. 123: 116–120. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.03.002.